cardiac and respiratory system

What are the three main components of the Cardiovascular System?

Heart, Blood Vessels, Lymph system (lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen)

What is the primary function of the heart and blood in the Cardiovascular System?

Transport oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nutrients, and hormones.

What does the lymph system do?

Protects the body by eliminating waste and supporting the immune system.

What is the systemic circulation?

Circulation from the left ventricle of the heart, carrying oxygenated blood to all organs and tissues, returning to the right atrium.

What is the pulmonary circulation?

Circulation from the right ventricle of the heart, carrying deoxygenated blood through the lungs to pick up oxygen, returning to the left atrium.

What do arteries carry?

Oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What is the significance of the aorta?

It can be affected by aortic stenosis (narrowing).

Where can you find a pulse in a horse?

In the facial artery.

What are capillaries?

Microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and are permeable for the exchange of gases and nutrients.

What is capillary refill time?

A clinical measure of perfusion and circulatory status.

What do veins carry?

Deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart, except for pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs.

What is a clinical significance of jugular veins?

Used for venipuncture or intravenous injections in both large and small animals.

What is the function of the heart?

Pump blood throughout the body.

What is a normal heart rate for humans?

60-80 beats per minute.

What are the components of the heart's exterior structures?

Left Auricle, Right Auricle, pulmunary trunk, interventricular groove.

What do papillary muscles do?

Attach chordae tendinae to the ventricle wall and prevent valve prolapse.

What can cause heart murmurs?

Turbulent blood flow through valves.

How does deoxygenated blood flow through the heart?

From the cranial and caudal vena cava to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery.

How does oxygenated blood return to the heart?

From the lungs via pulmonary veins to the left atrium, through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and into the aorta.

What is the function of the spleen?

Stores red blood cells and iron, produces lymphocytes, and destroys old red blood cells.

What are the functions of respiration?

Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide, warm the air, filter foreign particles, phonation, olfaction, heat regulation.

What happens during inspiration?

Breathing in; lower pressure in the lungs caused by diaphragm and external intercostals.

What happens during expiration?

Breathing out; usually passive with elastic recoil.

What are the external structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)?

Nose, nares, and philtrum.

What diseases can affect the Upper Respiratory Tract in pigs?

Atrophic Rhinitis caused by Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica.

What is the function of the larynx?

Phonation.

What is the function of the trachea?

Conduit for air from the larynx to the bronchial tree.

What is the tracheal bifurcation?

Point where the trachea splits into primary bronchi.

What is the significance of alveoli?

Site of gas exchange in the lungs.

What is a common clinical issue associated with the trachea in small/toy breed dogs?

Collapsing trachea due to weak tracheal rings.

What is the main role of lymph vessels?

Transport lymph fluid throughout the body.

What is the Cranial vena cava's role in circulation?

Brings deoxygenated blood from the head to the right atrium.

What do lymph nodes do?

Filter lymph fluid and facilitate immune response.

Where is the spleen located in the body?

On the left side of the body.

What happens to red blood cells in the spleen?

They are stored, produced, and old ones are destroyed.

What is the role of the diaphragm during breathing?

Primary muscle responsible for inhalation.

What are the key components of the Lower Respiratory Tract?

Trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, and pleural membranes.

Define 'ventilation' in terms of the lungs.

Bringing air into and out of the lungs.

What does a 'blue appearance' in veins indicate?

Presence of deoxygenated blood.

What structure in the respiratory system can harbor bacteria in horses?

Guttural pouches.

Describe the appearance and function of veins compared to arteries.

Veins have thin walls with no smooth muscle and lower pressure, and they carry deoxygenated blood.

What is the significance of the tricuspid valve?

It allows blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle during heart contraction.

What clinical significance does the cephalic vein have?

Used for venipuncture or intravenous injections in small animals.

Explain the significance of the 'interventricular groove'.

It separates the right and left ventricles and contains blood vessels that supply the heart muscle.