APUSH AMSCO Unit 5 (1844 - 1877)

Manifest Destiny

U.S. has a divine task to occupy North America

Central/South America

Pacific/Caribbean Islands

Critics - Expansionists just want to spread slavery

Population

Nationalism

Economy development

Technological advancement

Mexico Independence

1823

Wanted to attract settlers from U.S. for agriculture economy

Texas Occupation

Mexico wanted to attract settlers from U.S. for agriculture economy

Stephen Austin (dad bought land) brought U.S. people

Mexico outlawed slavery, required Catholicism of immigrants

Mexico closed border, ignore by settlers

Texas Independence

1834

Santa Anna Dictator

Enforced Mexican laws

Sam Houston and settlers declared independence

Santa Anna killed Americans at the Alamo

Sam Houston captured Anna, made him sign treaty

Mexico ignored treaty (Texas not independent)

U.S. didn’t make Texas a state when requested because of war fear

Tyler wanted to annex

Oregon Dispute

Spain/Russia/Britain/U.S. dispute over Oregon

Spain gave it up in Treaty of Ghent

U.S. had missionaries and settlers there

Election of 1844

North Democrats against annex Texas because anti-slavery, for Van Buren

South Whigs for annex/slavery/Calhoun

Democrats for manifest destiny/annex(California, Oregon 54º40’,Texas)/Polk

Whigs for Henry Clay until he supported annex, went to Liberty Party

Polk won

Tyler annexed Texas just before end

Oregon Treaty

1846

Polk divided Oregon at 49th parallel

West Trails

Settlers after Oregon/California annex

Through mountains

Bad conditions

California Gold Rush / West Migration Society

1848

Population exploded after annex

Family farms

Gold/Silver mines attracted immigrants and internal migration e.g. Chinese

Middle class migration because of supply need for journey

Professionals/urbanization came soon e.g. Salt Lake city

Foreign trade increased with more agriculture and coast trade with Asia

Commodore Matthew Perry / Kanagawa Treaty

Pressured Japan to open 2 ports with coal trade

Alaska

1867

William Seward bought from Canada

Russia couldn’t defend it from Britain

California / Texas Polk Negotiation

Zachary Taylor Army to Rio Grande / Polk Declaration

1846

Mexico killed Taylor patrols, Polk used is as an excuse to declare war

“American death on American soil”

Whigs against war

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848

Stephen Curney - New Mexico

John Fremont - California

Taylor - drove Mexicans from Texas

Winfield Scott - Central Mexico, Mexico City

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

1848

After Mexico City captured

U.S. got Texas (Rio Grande), California, New Mexico

Mexico got 15 million

Democrats want all Mexico (slavery)

Wilmot Proviso

1846

Radical proposal against slavery in Mexico territories

Increased tensions/led to war

Slavery Controversy

West workers didn’t want competition

South wanted to expand slavery

New territory from Mexico opened more South

South didn’t like Missouri Compromise

Ostend Manifesto

1854

Spain refused to sell Cuba to Polk

Some tried to take by force, always failed

Pierce went to Belgium to negotiate, successful manifesto

North pressure refused Cuba

William Walker

Tried to take Baja California, Nicaragua

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

U.S. and Britain agreed to both not build canal until Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Gadsden Purchase

1853

Peirce bought lower Arizona

Free-Soil Movement/Party

North Democrats/Whigs

Against Slavery

All African Americans allowed in new territory (no labor competition)

Slavery Posistions

1. Free Soil Movement

2. South want to bring property, extend power

3. Popular Sovereignty - people of the new states decide slavery (Louis Cass)

(4. Abolitionists)

Election of 1848

Democrats - For slavery spread, Louis Cass

Whigs - no stance on slavery Zachary Taylor(California/New Mexico free)

Free Soil Party - Against slavery, Van Buren

Taylor won

Popular Soverignty

Louis Cass

New states - people decide slavery status

Democratic view

Pro-slavery

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay

1. California free

2. Mexico/Utah = popular sovereignty

3. Ban slave trade in D.C.

4. Fugitive Slave Act with enforcement - citizens/marshals have to assist capture of runaways

5. Texas give up disputed New Mexico land in return for debt pay off

Taylor didn’t want it but then died

Gilbert Fillmore (vice) passed it

Immigration

Irish Potato Famine - Catholic, Boston, NY, Philadelphia, large culture, Democratic(anti-British), Tammany Hall eventually

Germans - Artisans, farmers, West, Old-Nortthwest, religious intolerance, Catholic sometimes

Mexican-Americans - Catholic

Nativism perspective growth - Protestant, Know-Nothings, American Party

Factories industry jobs, manufacturing, inventions - Tools, Firearms, ready-made cloths,

Easier transportation - telegraph, railroads(after canals)

Know-Nothings, American Party

Secret nativist organization until political - American Party

Faded in 1850s

Railroad industry

Mid 1800s

Took over from canals

Got U.S. funding

Transporting crops

North advantage in war

Panic of 1857

1857

Decrease in agriculture price(not Cotton)

South unaffected because of cotton

North was in more trouble - South now thought their economy was better

Fugitive Slave Act/Law

1850

North hated it

owners track down slaves

Federal government help. with tracking

Citizens had to help

No trial - free African Americans sometimes sent back to slavery

Undergorund Railroad

Secret organization that help slaves get North/Canada(after Fugitive Slave Act)

Secret Checkpoint of member houses

Harriet Tubman

Slavery Literature/Polarization

1. Morality

2. Constitutional Rights

3. Economic Policies

Fugitive Slave Act Controversy

Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Harriet Beecher, anti-slavery, convinced many, opposite = Aunt Phillis’s Cabin

Impending Crisis of the South Hinton Helper - nonfiction, slavery bad for South

South Arguments - Bible, history, philosophy, good for slaves, North have wage-slaves

Election 1852

Whigs - ignore slavery, internal improvement, habors, Winfield Scott, internal factions over slavery

Democrat - Franklin Pierce, support Fugitive Slave Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854

Douglass wanted transcontinental railroad, South didn’t like it, Douglass proposed this in return

Stephen Douglas split Nebraska into Nebraska/Kansas and established popular sovereignty in those areas

Violence ensued

Bleeding Kansas

Antislavery farmers and Missouri slavery migration to Kansas

New England Emigrant Aid Company - Free Soilers

Fighting broke out

Missourians made their own legislature in Lecompton

Topeka anti slavery legislature

John Brown attacked proslavery farm

Pierce didn’t do anything

Democrat division

Caning of Sumner

Charles Sumner speech against Democrats/Andrew Butler

Preston Brooks(nephew) caned Sumner

Republican Party

Whigs split over slavery

Know-Nothing/Immigration declined

Republican Party - only North, Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs/Democrats, abolitionists

Reaction to Kansas-Nebraska/Fugitive Slave Acts - stop the EXPANSION of slavery

Tariffs

Election of 1856

Know-Nothings - Millard Fillmore

Democrats - James Buchanan(won), popular soverignty

Republicans - John Frémont, antislavery

Lecompton Constitution

1857

Buchanan accepted pro-slavery document of Kansas

Not passed

Dred-Scott Decision

1857

Missouri slave

Wisconsin free

Went back to Missouri and claimed free

Roger Taney(Democrat) - ruled against decision

Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional because it barred slavery in North

Lincoln-Douglas Debate

1858

For Senator of Illinois

Lincoln call to fame - against expansion, not abolitionist, all slave or all free

Douglas said Dred-Scott didn’t matter with popular sovereignty

Douglas won

Election of 1860

Stephen Douglas - North Democrat, no pro-slavery enough for lower South

John Breckenridge - lower South, annex Cuba

Abraham Lincoln - entire North, South threatened secede if elected, won without popular vote

South feared bad economy under Republican leadership

John Brown Raid at Harpers Ferry

1859

Organized slave uprising

Give weapons to slaves to escape

Brown executed

First secede wave (7), Confederacy Forms

1860

Deep South - South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas

Confederate States of America (Constitution) - Jefferson Davis, no tariffs, allow slavery, maybe secetion without fight, no internal improvements, no foreign slave trade

Compared to 1776 - protecting property rights

Battle of Fort Sumter / Second Secesion Wave

1861

Lincoln said he wouldn’t attack first

Lincoln didn’t give up the fort that was controlled by South Carolina, he sent materials

South attacked

Lincoln used force —> North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas

Border states(union) - Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware

Civil War Advantages

Confederacy - shorter supply/troop distance, longer coast(harder blockade), Supposed Europe cotton dependency/alliance

Union - way higher population, immigrants, African Americans, economy, banking/capital, factories, farmland, skills, centralized government ideals, way less inflation(more money)

Union Strategy

Winfield Scott

1. Anaconda Plan - navy port blockade

2. Anaconda Plan - Mississippi control to split South

3. 500,000 soldiers for Richmond Virginia

First Battle of Bull Run

1861

Confederates won

Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee

Bull Run Creek, Virginia

Peninsula Campaign

A lot of preparation(McClellan) —> Lincoln sent them to Virginia

Lee defended

Battle of Antietam

Lee went across Potomac to Maryland

Want victory for Britain support

Union figured out plan

Confrontation extremely bloody

Lee retreated(no Britain support)

Draw(partial union win)

Battle of Freericksburg

1862

Ambrose Burnside - reckless

Attacked Virginia - extremely bloody

Union loss

Monitor vs. Merrmac

Merrmac(confederacy, iron ship) sunk many blockade union ships

Monitor union iron ship made and battled Merrimac

Draw

Grant Campains and Fort Henry/Fort Donelson

Ulysses S. Grant captured forts on Mississippi

Allowed union to the Mississippi

New Orleans Captured

1862

David Farragut(union)

Trent Affair

1861

Britain almost gave support to Confederacy(diplomats stopped by union)

Neither Britain or France supported either

Britain allowed selling of war ships used as commerce raiders to attack union trade ships

Cotton Diplomacy failed and Britain got cotton from India and Egypt

Battle of Shiloh

1862

Confederacy(Albert Johnston) surprised him but union defended/pushed him down Mississippi

Huge losses

Second half of Civil War

More union victories

Confederacy - soldiers deserted, shrinking population

Battle of Vicksburg

1863

After Mississippi control, Grant kept going down the river

Completely split the South, complete union control of Mississippi

Battle of Gettysburg

1863

Lee surprise attack in Gettysburg Pennsylvania defeated by union

Confederacy beginning of end, never recovered

Grant war hero

Surrender / Sherman’s March

1865

March to the Sea

Total war - through towns/civilians, induced hunger

Atlanta to Savannah to South Carolina

Surrender at Appomattox

1865

Jefferson Davis tried to negotiate with independency

Lee tried to flee, but union led him to the court house

Confederacy surrendered

Lincoln during the war

Suspended habeas corpus

Authorized war spending without Congress

Originally didn’t want emancipation because of border states

Emancipation Proclaimation

1863

Preliminary 1862 - threat to emancipate South if not surrender

Freed everyone in the states at war(the South)

Lincoln promised border states payment for emancipation/plan for emacipation

Freed very few slaves but determined purpose for war

Slaves escaped to North

Freed slaves often fought for union(segregated)

African American actions:

Military - African Americans fighting for emancipation

Policy - proclamation

Revolt - Slave rebellion and protest

2 Confiscation Acts

1861 - seize property(slaves) from South for fighting

1862 - freed any slaves of Confederate fighters

Union could get slaves to fight

War Politics

North Democrats didn’t like Lincoln power or didn’t want war(Copperheads)

Free-Soil want full emancipation

Lincoln ignored some civil liberties

Ex-Parte Mulligan (1866) - scolded Lincoln, said many had been detained without proof

Draft protest - immigrants/poor couldn’t pay to get out of it

Federal/North/South/Congress power discussed

Election of 1864

1864

Lincoln re-elected

Andrew Johnson running mate

Republican renamed temporarily to Unionist Party

Gettysburg Address

1863

Lincoln speech

All men are created equal

Reaffirmed democracy(worldview)

War / Post-Wareconomics

Union:

Tariffs

Tax (income)

Sold bonds

Printing paper money - inflation

National Banking System

Work real wages fell

Industrialization

New millionares - funding

Republican pro-buisness policies

Morril Tariff Act

1861

Support domestic manufacturing

Homestead Act

1862

Gave land for some time

Morrill Land Grant Act

1862

Federal land for colleges/education

Pacific Railway Act

1862

Transcontinental Railroad

California to East

Assassination of Lincoln

1865

John Wilkes Booth

Ford’s Theater in DC

40 Acres and a Mule

Post-war

Promised to slaves by Sherman but president Andrew Johnson replaced it

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

1863

Pardons to confederates for oath

Unionists in charge of South positions

South states needed loyalty oath(10%) and abolish slavery

Wade-Davis Bill

50% of population needed to oath

Only non-confederates vote

Lincoln veto

Freedman’s Bureau

1865

Help freed slaves and poor in South

Resettle people to confiscated land - Johnson didn’t allow it, no punishment for Confederate land owners

Schools/colleges for African Americans

Johnson Reconstruction/Plan

Union in war

South democrat (vice to Lincoln)

White supremacist

Anti-Republican

1. No right to vote for confederates with money

2. Granted pardons to certain confederates - confederate back in power soon

3. Vetoed many Congress bills

4. Didn’t give more funding to Freedman’s Bureau

5. Vetoed ban on Black Codes, and African American voting/other rights

Second Round of Reconstruction

Congress, more strict

Republicans for full civil rights

Radical Republicans

13th Amendment

1865

2nd Reconstruction

Abolished slavery

Lincoln helpped but wasn’t alive by then

14th Amendment

1868

2nd Reconstruction, Congress

Permanent anti-confederate

All people born in U.S. are citizens

Equal protection and due process of law

Used in Civil Rights Movement a lot

1. No confederate leaders in office

2. Repudiated debts of Confederate states

3. Penalized any state preventing people from voting

15th Amendment

1869

No conditional voting(race, color, servitude)

All male citizens can vote

Civil Rights Act of 1866

1866

Second Reconstruction Congress

Override the veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau Act

Nullified Dred-Scott Decision

Protection against Black Codes

Black Codes

Post-war

Indirect legislation in the South that supressed African American Rights

3 Reconstruction Acts

1867

Military occupation of the South

Divided South into 5 military districts and set readmission requirements

1. Ratify 14th

2. Constitutions adopt full voting rights

Tenure of Office Act

President can’t fire federal officials/military people without Senate

Johnson challenged it by firing Secretary of State

Impeached

Not kicked out

Election of 1868

Grant narrowly won with African American support

Civil Rights Act of 1875

1875

Equal accommodations in public places like hotels/transport/theaters/railroads

South Reconstruction

Republican power decreased over time, varying by state

Republicans:

South Carolina - freedmen

South - white

Scalawags - South Republicans

Carpetbaggers - Republican politicians that move to South, Investors/opportunists

African Americans in politics - House, Senate, confederate hate

African Americans in South

Family reunite

Move to cities - Kansas, frontier

Education - Used money for schools, Howard, Fisk, Atlanta

Community

Independent churches

Corruption

Republicans in office replaced by corrupt politicians (spoilsmen

Jay Gould and James Fisk - profit from buying gold to raise price through Grant

Crédit Mobilier - bribe Congress/investigators with stock

Whiskey Ring - Industry stop paying taxes with bribes for officials

Grant didn’t directly scam but people around him did

(William) Tweed Ring - stole from New York taxpayers

Election of 1872

Liberal Republicans - This group and Democrats nominated Horse Greeley, Split from corrupt Republicans

Grant won by landslide

Panic of 1873

Grant era economic depression - And Republicans stopped focus on South African Americans

Women During/After War

During - Military nurses, factories, government

After - Women returned to farm/domestic

Sparked voting talk

Women Rights

National Women’s Suffrage Administration (NWSA) - Stanton/Anthony, federal movement, opposed 15th because it didn’t include women

AWSA - Lucy Stone/Henry Blackwell, state by state legislation, 15th Amendment is a vital step forward in women’s rights, abolitionist

Reconstruction Success/Failure

Positives:

Amendments

Internal improvement - schools, infrastructure

Negatives:

Corruption - scam, bribery, spending

Redeemers - South control

White supremacy

Ku Klux Klan - Murder, burn homes, Congress Force Act stopped them

Johnson lazy South approach gave back power, Amnesty

Confederacy came back in Congress

Black Codes

Sharecropping

Sharecropping

Lost labor force

African Americans contracts - permanent, unrestricted

Landlord gave materials and half of harvest

General Anmesty Act

1872

(Almost) No confederate restrictions

Election of 1876

Republican - Rutherford Hayes

Democrat - Samuel Tilden

Close election, fight over results

Hayes won

Compromise of 1877