BIO EXAM IV

2 types of nervous systems

CNS, nerve net

CNS

processes info

nerve net

more random distribution spreading everywhere

sensory neuron

detects or transfers detection to where it is processed

interneuron

connects neuron within the CNS and helps relay infornmation

motor neuron

part of periferal nervous system and carries signal from CNS to muscles and glands

CNS parts

spinal cord and brain

periferal nervous system

on the outer layer— nerve and ganglion

reflex

doesnt need to go all the way to the brain for a respone

nerves

bundle of neurons (neuron is the functional unit for them)

neuron

transmits electrical signal

axon

delivers signal

dendrites

recieves signal

membrane potential

electrical difference inside and outside — measured with voltage

difference in voltage inside and outside

-65mV

ion movement

1) primary active (against gradient— ATP pump)

2)secondary active (cotransporters)

3) ion channel (conc. gradient)

leak channels

allow some K+ out so the gradent stays

action potential

rapid tempoary change in membrane potential

voltage gated channel

allows NA and K movement

all or nothing effect

no partial axon engagment. same magnitude and duration. must go to the end

refractory

at the end of the axon when the gradient resets

helps action potential

larger size

saltatory conduction

jumping down neuron

schwann cells

made of mylien which blocks the channels

nodes of ranvier

only places where channels work

synapse

connections between neuron and another type of cell

neurotransmitters

chemicals that transfer signal from electrical to chemical and back to electrical

ligand gated ion channels

post synaptic… neurotransmitters bind and that opens the channel for ions to pass

excitory neurotransmitter

AP is more likley (Na+ enters)

inhibitory neurotransmitter

AP is less liklet (Cl- enters, or K+ exits) ——- makes it more negitive to stop AP

summation of neurotransmitter

whole signal gathered in dendrite determines if AP happens

afferent division

sensory info that goes INTO CNS

efferent division

moter infornmation that LEAVES CNS

parasympathetic nervous system

“rest and digest”

what happens in parasympathetic NS

inhibits glucose, stimulates intestional movement

sympathetic nervous system

“fight or flight”

what happens in sympathetic nervous system

glucose , epinephrine and noroepinephrine are relased

enteric nervous system

only digestion— doesnt need much info from brain

cerebrum

concious thought and memory

cerebellum

coordinates motor action

diencephalon

relay station for cebrum and controls homeostasis

brain stem

autonomic coordination center

parkinsons disease

motor pathways are effected becuse there is less sopamine so there is little communication between neurons

multiple sclerosis

attacks the myeline sheath so there is a disruption of nerve signal transmission

mechanoreceptor

sound waves = pressure change

cone

detect color and light

hair cells

detect sound

pressure sensor

detect touch

offactory

detect smell

longer hair cell

kinocilium

stereocilia

shorter and several hair cells

bending pressure wave of hair cells triggers..

K+ channel

tectoral memebrane in ear

runs down middle

lateral line system in fish

holes along the side of fish with tube under, the water flows in and out and detects an object near

compound eye

many ommatidia and individual sensory cells

bipolar cells

briing to ganglion and then to optic cells

optic nerve

where the blind spot is (no photoreceptors)

rods

detect light

pigment in rods

retinol

cones

detect color

pigment in cones

opsin— respond to different lights (3 types)

chemoreceptor gustation

taste

chemoreceptor olfaction

smell

H+ makes taste…

acdic and sour

Na+ makes taste…

salty

bitter detection

more then 40-80 different receptors and transmembrane protiens becuse of potential danger

nociecptors

detect extreames like tempurature and acid

pit vipers

have thermal receptor hole in nose

how pit vipors detect prey

using the holes in their notes to see tempurature differece

electrorecpetors

nose of a shart (ampuella of lorenzini)

electrogenic fish

generate their own electrical field to sense objects

locomotion

moving one place to another

sonomic nervous system

muscle and movement cells

non locomotion

iguana ( moving tounge)

individual muscle cell

fiber

sarcomere

functional unit of the muscle cell - looks striped

thick and thin filiment

moves in an overlapping pattern

thick filiment

myosin

thin filiment

actin

mysin head

allows movment by binding to ATP and transfering it to ADP

troposin and tropomyosin

gatekeepers og mysin head

what breaks through the troposin

CA2+

T-Tubual

allows action potential to propogate into the cell

action potential comes ino the cell through

sarcoplasm reticulum

autorythmic movement

occurs naturally (in stomach)

parasympathetic triggers what hormone

acetylcholine

sympathetic triggers what hormone

norepinephrine and epiepherine (adreniline)

iunterculated disks

cells connecting to allow faster action potential

parallel muscle example

sartorius

pennate muscle example

gastrocnemius

number of types of skeletal systems in animal kingdom

3

hydrostatic movement

earthworms— in humans the esophagus

cartalige

cells in gel matrix that protect protien and polysacc

bone

cells in hard matrix made of CaPO4, CaCO3 and protiens

flexsion

makes bones closer together

extension

moves bones away from eachother

antagonist pairs

working in opposition

exoskeleten

movement cells inside

apodenes

internal bumps of exoskeletin that allow muscle attachment