Diversity of Life (DAT)

You can define an organism by their ___ or ___

source of energy or oxygen

Organisms which consume energy from autotrophs

heterotroph

List two examples of heterotrophs

parasites, decomposers

Another name for a decomposer is a

saprophyte

Organisms which make their own organic molecules

autotroph

The name of autotrophs which use light and do photosynthesis

photoautotroph

The name of autotrophs which use inorganic molecules to make their own organic molecules

chemoautotroph

The name of an organism which lives in the presence of O₂

obligate aerobe

The name of an organism which lives in the absence of O₂

obligate anaerobe

The name of an organism which grows in the presence of O₂ but can also do anaerobic metabolism too

facultative anaerobe

What is the acronym for taxonomy

dear king phillip came over for good soup

List the three domains

archaea, eubacteria, eukarya

The oldest domain

archaea

The domain that has a prokaryotic cell type with eukaryotic characteristics

archaea

Archaea ___ (have/do not have) peptidoglycans

do not have

What type of linkage forms the backbone of archaea

ether

Archaea ___ (do/do not) have histones and DNA with introns

do

Archaea ___ (can/cannot) be inhibited by antibiotics because they ___ (do/do not) cause infection

cannot, do not

List the three types of archaea

methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles

What type of archaea is an obligate anaerobe and produces methane as an anabolic byproduct

methanogens

What type of archaea is found in human and cow GI tracts, muds, and swamps

methanogens

What type of archaea loves heat and can be found in Yellowstone and deep sea vents

thermophiles

What type of archaea are mostly sulfur-based chemoautotrophs

thermophiles

What type of archaea loves salt and is found in the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea

halophiles

Eubacteria have a ___ (prok/euk) cell type

prok

Eubacteria ___ (have/do not have) a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

do not

Eubacteria ___ (have/do not have) histones

do not have

Eubacteria contain ___ which can be inhibited by antibiotics

ribosomes

Prokaryotic ribosome subunits

30S + 50S = 70S

Eukaryotic ribosome subunits

40S + 60S = 80S

Eubacteria are ___, meaning they remain dormant until the conditions are right (like a seed)

endospores

Eubacteria can be named based on ___ or ___

group or shape

If eubacteria is named strepto-, it means

multiple cells in a chain

If eubacteria is named staphyl-, it means

cluster of cells

If eubacteria is named bacillus, it means

rod, pill

If eubacteria is named coccus, it means

sphere, ball

If eubacteria is named sprillum, it means

spiral, squiggle

List the three types of eubacteria

nitrogen-fixing, nitrifying, cyanobacteria

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria converts ___ to ___

N2 to NH2

Nitrifying bacteria converts ___ to ___

NH2 to NO2

Nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria often have a ___ relationship with plants

mutualistic

Common name of cyanobacteria

blue green algae

Cyanobacteria is prokaryotic and ___

photosynthetic

List the three types of bacteria genetic recombination

conjugation, transformation, transduction

Horizontal gene transfer

conjugation

Conjugation involves a ___ to transfer plasmids

pilus

When bacteria uptake plasmid from the environment by heat or CaCl₂ shock

transformation

When bacterial DNA is transferred via a virus

transduction

Nonliving particles that infect host

virus

Viruses that infect bacteria

bacteriophage

The genetic information of a virus is found in a capsid protein cover made of

capsomeres

A virus (animal virus) may have a viral ___ to enhance infection ability

envelope

Bacteriophages have a sheath for ___ and tail fibers for ___

injection, recognition

List the two methods of viral replication

lytic and lysogenic

In the ___ method of replication, a virus uses its host cell’s enzymes to replicate, erupt host membrane, and kill it

lytic

In the ___ method of replication, a virus hides out in a host genome as a “provirus” when dormant and eventually undergoes the other cycle

lysogenic

Retroviruses use ___ ___ to create DNA from RNA

reverse transcriptase

An example of a retrovirus that uses reverse transcriptase

HIV

Bacteria can defend against viruses by preventing the virus from identifying its surface proteins, so the virus cannot attach; this is called

cell surface mutation

Bacteria can defend against viruses by cutting the virus DNA at sites to prevent its replication; this is called

restriction enzymes

Bacteria can defend against viruses by adding the viral DNA to its own genome, so it has the info to destroy it; this is called

CRISPR-CAS

Viral infections in humans can be ___, ___, ___, or ___

acute, chronic, latent, or slow progress

An example of an acute virus

flu

___ viral infections have a high initial viral load and the immune system controls it, but it leads to a long-term load

chronic

___ viral infection are similar to chronic but includes high and low loads long-term

latent

viral infections are similar to latent but eventually the virus will continue to progress

slow progress

A(n) ___ viral outbreak is suddenly prominent in a population

emerging

A(n) ___ viral outbreak is an outbreak in a large population

epidemic

A(n) ___ viral outbreak is a global viral outbreak

pandemic

Weakened agents that mimic a virus to stimulate the immune system in preparation

vaccines

Vaccines are often affected by ___ ___

random mutations

The distinctive proteins found on the viruses surface that allow your immune system to identify it as a virus

antigen

Antigenic ___ of vaccines occurs if the antigens mutate, therefore limiting vaccine efficacy

drift

Antigenic ___ of vaccines occurs if there is an increased viral host range, leading to large outbreaks

shift

Infectious misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold

prions

Prions replicate ___ (with/without) DNA and RNA

without

This infectious particle goes against the central dogma

prion

This infectious particle leads to neurodegenerative diseases in animals

prion

Prions have ___ (short/long) incubation periods

long

Heat ___ (is/is not) effective against prions

is not

The infectious particle that is made of simple molecules of ssRNA

viroids

Viroids affect ___

plants

Viroids ___ (have/do not have) a cap and protective envelope

do not have

List the four kingdoms under the eukarya domain

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Protists are ___ (prok/euk)

euk

Protists live in ___-environments

moist

List the three types of protists

plant like, fungus like, animal like

Plant-like protists are ___ autotrophs

photosynthetic

Plant-like protists are missing what anatomical parts of a typical plant

roots, leaves, stem

Plant-like protists are ___ ___ in food webs

primary producers

List three examples of plant-like protists

dinoflagellates, euglenoids, diatoms

Dinoflagellates have ___ flagell(a/ae)

two

Dinoflagellates cause ___ ___

red tide

Dinoflagellates are a ___ ___ for the ecosystem

toxic parasite

Euglenoids often ___ together

clump

Euglenoids live in ___ water environments

fresh

Euglenoids are covered in pellicle ___ strips below the membrane and ___ (have/do not have) a cell wall

protein, do not

Diatoms are a type of

algae

Diatoms often ___ together

clump

Diatoms live in ___ and ___ water environments

fresh and marine