exam notes often forget

which rainbelts r convective and convergent

equator = convective

mid lat=convergent

equator=convergent

proxy vs archive

archive = material stored in eg ice core

proxy measured variable in archive eg oxygen isotopes

sea surface temp, global ice volume

planktic foraminfera = sea surface temp

oxygen isotopes = global ice volume

plate thats move towards

destructive / convergent

plates that move apart

Constructive (Divergent) Margins

when was the antartic cold reversal

during bollering and allerod, shows asynochronos

high plateaus effect on monsoons

heat+ cool very quickly air rises in summer and sinks in winter

drives monsoons (pressure differences between land and sea)

east african rift valley channels moisture and air towards

east asia

Blag Model

plate tectonics influence climate+co2 levels

a balance between volcanic input and removal by chemical weathering, with a negative feedback that stabilises climate.

fast spreading= high co2 subduction+volcanism

slow spreading= low co2 as little activity

conditions of a super continent

dry, extreme internal conditions, less exposed rock, decreasein shelf seas

when was the 1st 2nd 3rd 4th and 5th extinctioj

ordovican 440 ma

devonian 370 ma

permian 252 ma

triassic 201

cretacious 66

current co2 levels

420

current methane levels

1940

northern china climate in neolithic period

moonsoon climate, summer rainfall, thick soils

diatoms

microscopic algae with silica shells

conditions in transition of late glacial to holocene

genrally cold, but warming over all, less precipitation, abrpt shifts (yd, ba )

age of roman empire

27bce-476ce

age of mayan empire

600-900 ce

great acceleration proxies

atmospheric plutonium, fly ash

oldest oceanic rocks

west pacific

what is used to date ice cores

annual layers may be counted in quatenery period

modelling and isotope correlation for rest

spleothems

changes in thickness indicate temp+ rainfall

up to 100,000 years (not used for indicating last millenium)

some annual dating but also isotope (uranium thoring dating)

ocean sediments

lowest resolution

radiometric and stratigraphic techniques

however shows long term trends

half life of pb210

23.5

proxies giving info on recent climate

short lived radioisotopes

radio carbon

dendrochronology

varve chronology(lake sediments, rare however)

lichenometry(100-7000, not v recent indictor)

pollen analysis

radio cabron (C14)

age of earth (ma)

4540 ma

age of moon(ma)

4527

• 40-50 mill years after formation of earth

s vs p waves

s through solids only

p through all

coral as a proxy

sst, sss (salinity)

annual + isotopicty

long records rare

temp+ salinity hard to isoloate

negative of tree rings

tropical species yield poor results

mixed influences

missing unclear rings

main driver of past co2

tectonics

when did the fis and laurentide icesheet persist till

fis = 9000 bp

laurentide = 6800 bp

speed of antartic circumpolar current

100-150 Sv

matuyama-brunhes boundary

mis19

(700,000 years ago)

how was MIS defined

arrhenius notation cesare emiliani

pacific v28-v238

interglacial glacial cycles identified up to MIS 22

duration of solar variability cycles

1500

who used benthic formainfera

shackleton

inner core

5145-6570km

Limits for annual layers counting ice cores

Greenland: 50,000-60,000 (high accumulation can go into MIS 3 and beyond

Antarctic: 20,000-50,000 (low accumulation, much older ice, highly compressed) MIS 2 at best, early MIS 3 marginally

When was the last interglacial period and how is it defined MIS

125,000 years ago

MIS 5e