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Constitution (1787)

Replaced Articles of Confederation; created stronger central government.

Federalists

Supported Constitution and strong central government (Hamilton, Madison, Jay).

Anti-Federalists

Opposed Constitution; demanded Bill of Rights.

The Federalist Papers

Essays defending Constitution; key for understanding original intent.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments; protects individual liberties.

Checks and Balances

Prevents any branch from becoming too powerful.

Great Compromise

Created bicameral Congress: House (population) + Senate (equal).

Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned against political parties and 'permanent alliances.'

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Restricted immigrants and criminalized criticism of government.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Argued states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Alexander Hamilton

First Treasury Secretary; national bank, tariffs, assumption of state debt.

National Bank

Hamilton's proposal; opposed by Jefferson as unconstitutional.

XYZ Affair (1797-98)

French bribe demand; led to Quasi-War with France.

Jay Treaty (1794)

Resolved issues with Britain; angered France.

Democratic-Republican Party

Jefferson's party; favored states' rights and agriculture.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Doubled U.S. size; Jefferson's constitutional dilemma.

Embargo Act (1807)

Disastrous ban on trade with Europe; hurt U.S. economy.

War of 1812

'Second independence'; ended Federalist Party; spurred nationalism.

American System

Clay's plan: national bank, tariffs, internal improvements.

Erie Canal (1825)

Connected Great Lakes to Atlantic; boosted New York.

Era of Good Feelings

One-party rule (Democratic-Republicans) after War of 1812.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Warned Europe against colonization in Western Hemisphere.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

36°30' line: slavery prohibited north of it (except Missouri).

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

Adams-Clay deal; Jackson claimed stolen election.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

High tariff that angered South; led to nullification crisis.

Nullification Crisis (1832-33)

South Carolina threatened secession; Jackson threatened force.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Forced Native Americans west of Mississippi.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court sided with Cherokee; Jackson ignored ruling.

Trail of Tears

Cherokee forced march; thousands died.

Bank War (1832)

Jackson vetoed Second Bank recharter; killed it.

Panic of 1837

Depression caused by Jackson's Specie Circular and bank policies.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival; inspired reform movements (temperance, abolition, women's rights).

Transcendentalism

Emerson, Thoreau; individual intuition over society's rules.

Thoreau – Civil Disobedience

Nonviolent resistance to unjust laws.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery immediately.

William Lloyd Garrison / The Liberator

Radical abolitionist newspaper; demanded immediate emancipation.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave; leading abolitionist speaker and writer.

Harriet Tubman

Underground Railroad conductor.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention; Declaration of Sentiments.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leading women's rights activist; authored Declaration of Sentiments.

Dorothea Dix

Reformed treatment of mentally ill; built asylums.

Temperance Movement

Campaign to reduce alcohol consumption.

Utopian Communities

Experimental societies (Oneida, Brook Farm, Shakers).

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment (especially Irish and German).

Manifest Destiny

Belief U.S. was destined to expand to Pacific.

Texas Annexation (1845)

Added slave state; triggered Mexican-American War.

Mexican-American War (1846-48)

U.S. gained Southwest (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo).

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Mexico ceded California and Southwest; U.S. paid $15 million.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Proposed banning slavery in Mexican Cession; never passed.

Compromise of 1850

CA free state; Fugitive Slave Act; popular sovereignty in rest.

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

Forced North to return escaped slaves; angered abolitionists.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Repealed Missouri Compromise; popular sovereignty; led to 'Bleeding Kansas.'

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict over slavery in Kansas; preview of Civil War.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Slaves not citizens; Congress couldn't ban slavery in territories.

John Brown's Raid (1859)

Attempt to start slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry; executed.

Election of 1860

Lincoln won; South seceded.

Confederate States of America

Southern states that seceded (1860-61).

Fort Sumter (1861)

First shots of Civil War.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Freed slaves in Confederate territory; shifted war aim to ending slavery.

Gettysburg Address

Redefined war as preserving 'government of the people.'

Sherman's March to the Sea

Total war: destroyed Georgia to break Southern morale.

Appomattox (1865)

Lee surrendered to Grant; ended Civil War.

Assassination of Lincoln (1865)

By John Wilkes Booth; Andrew Johnson became president.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolished slavery.

14th Amendment (1868)

Citizenship + equal protection.

15th Amendment (1870)

Black male suffrage.

Freedmen's Bureau

Aided freed slaves with education, jobs, legal help.

Black Codes

Southern laws restricting freedmen's rights.

Radical Republicans

Pushed for harsh Reconstruction and black rights (Stevens, Sumner).

Reconstruction Acts (1867)

Divided South into military districts; required black suffrage.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

House impeached; Senate acquitted by 1 vote.

Sharecropping

Freedmen farmed land in exchange for share of crop; led to debt peonage.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist terrorist group during Reconstruction.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction; Hayes became president; troops left South.

Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

Union Pacific + Central Pacific met at Promontory Point, UT.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroad and shipping magnate.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel; vertical integration; Gospel of Wealth.

John D. Rockefeller

Oil; horizontal integration; Standard Oil Trust.

J.P. Morgan

Banker; consolidated industries (U.S. Steel).

Vertical Integration

Controlling all stages of production.

Horizontal Integration

Buying competitors to control industry.

Trust / Monopoly

Dominant corporation controlling an industry.

Social Darwinism

'Survival of the fittest' applied to society; opposed reform.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie: rich should use wealth for public good.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First law banning monopolies; initially weak.

U.S. v. E.C. Knight (1895)

Limited Sherman Act; manufacturing ≠ commerce.

Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

Created ICC; first federal regulation of railroads.

Knights of Labor

National union; declined after Haymarket.

Haymarket Affair (1886)

Labor rally bombing; discredited Knights of Labor.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Samuel Gompers; craft unions; focused on wages/hours.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Crushed by federal troops; Eugene Debs imprisoned.

Eugene Debs

Socialist leader; ran for president from prison.

Thomas Edison

Light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures; Menlo Park lab.

Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone (1876).

Bessemer Process

Cheap, mass-produced steel.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum.

Consumer Economy

Advertising, department stores, mail-order catalogs (Sears).