Final- Hematology, GI, Reproductive, Immunity

HEMATOLOGY FLASHCARDS

What ANC value defines neutropenia?

ANC <1000 cells/µL

What is the biggest infection sign in neutropenia?

Fever may be the only sign

What are neutropenic precautions?

Hand hygiene; no fresh flowers/raw produce; avoid crowds/sick contacts; daily temps

What is sickle cell anemia?

Genetic hemoglobin disorder causing sickled RBCs

What do sickled RBCs cause?

Vaso-occlusion → tissue hypoxia & pain

What is the RBC lifespan in sickle cell?

15–20 days

What is the most common sickle cell crisis?

Vaso-occlusive crisis

What is an aplastic crisis?

Bone marrow stops producing RBCs

What is a sequestration crisis?

Blood pools in spleen → shock

What are treatments for sickle cell crisis?

Oxygen; hydration; opioids; infection prevention

What is polycythemia vera?

Excess RBC production causing hyperviscosity

What is the major risk in polycythemia vera?

Thrombosis

What is the classic symptom of polycythemia vera?

Itching after warm baths

What is the treatment for polycythemia vera?

Therapeutic phlebotomy; fluids; avoid tight clothing/extreme temps

What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Dizziness

How is hypoglycemia managed?

Small frequent meals; separate liquids/solids; low‑Fowler’s after meals; fast carbs

What is gastritis?

Inflammation of stomach lining

What is the chronic cause of gastritis?

H. pylori

What are symptoms of gastritis?

Dyspepsia; epigastric pain; N/V

What is treatment for gastritis?

PPIs; H2 blockers; antacids; antibiotics if H. pylori

What causes esophageal varices?

Portal hypertension

What is the major risk of esophageal varices?

Massive hemorrhage

What should be avoided with esophageal varices?

Coughing; straining; lifting; Valsalva; alcohol

What does bleeding from varices indicate?

Medical emergency

What are bleeding precautions?

Soft toothbrush; electric razor; avoid IM/rectal procedures; apply pressure

What is DIC?

Clotting then bleeding

What happens in Stage 1 DIC?

Excess clotting uses up platelets/factors

What happens in Stage 2 DIC?

Massive bleeding due to factor depletion

What is treatment for Stage 1 DIC?

Anticoagulants

What is treatment for Stage 2 DIC?

Platelets; plasma; fibrinogen; oxygen

What is tumor lysis syndrome?

Electrolyte imbalance after chemo

What is superior vena cava syndrome?

Facial/upper body edema + dyspnea

What is spinal cord compression?

Neuro deficits from compression

What is leukostasis?

WBC >100

GASTROINTESTINAL FLASHCARDS

What is peritonitis?

Infection of peritoneum due to perforation/rupture

What is the hallmark sign of peritonitis?

Rigid

What are nursing priorities for peritonitis?

Fowler’s; NG suction; IV fluids; oxygen; prep for surgery

What is dumping syndrome?

Rapid gastric emptying after gastric surgery

When does early dumping occur?

15–30 min after eating

What are early dumping symptoms?

Cramping; diarrhea; tachycardia

When does late dumping occur?

1–3 hours after eating

What should be avoided in dumping syndrome?

Aspirin/NSAIDs

REPRODUCTIVE FLASHCARDS

What is erectile dysfunction?

Inability to achieve/maintain erection

What are causes of ED?

Diabetes; HTN; CVD; smoking; low testosterone

What meds treat ED?

PDE‑5 inhibitors (sildenafil)

What meds cannot be taken with PDE‑5 inhibitors?

Nitrates or alpha‑blockers

What is priapism?

Erection >3 hours (emergency)

What is removed in TURP?

Inner prostate

What is removed in radical prostatectomy?

Entire prostate

Does TURP use bladder irrigation?

Yes

Does radical prostatectomy use irrigation?

No

What is a risk of TURP?

TURP syndrome

Which surgery has higher ED/incontinence risk?

Radical prostatectomy

What is BPH?

Benign prostate enlargement

What symptoms occur in BPH?

Urinary symptoms only

How is BPH treated?

Meds or TURP

What is prostate cancer?

Malignant prostate disease

What are early symptoms of prostate cancer?

Often asymptomatic

What findings suggest prostate cancer?

Elevated PSA; abnormal DRE

How is prostate cancer treated?

Surgery; radiation; chemo

What is menopause?

12 months without menstruation

What hormone decreases in menopause?

Estrogen

What are menopause symptoms?

Hot flashes; mood changes; vaginal dryness

What does postmenopausal bleeding indicate?

Cancer until proven otherwise

IMMUNITY FLASHCARDS

What is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

Immediate IgE‑mediated (anaphylaxis)

What is treatment for anaphylaxis?

Epinephrine first

What is a Type II reaction?

Cytotoxic antibody attack (e.g.

What is a Type III reaction?

Immune complex deposition (e.g.

What is a Type IV reaction?

Delayed T‑cell mediated (e.g.

What meds treat allergies?

Epinephrine; antihistamines; corticosteroids

What are steps for ALL transfusion reactions?

Stop transfusion; keep IV open with NS; notify provider/blood bank

What is the most dangerous transfusion reaction?

Acute hemolytic

What are symptoms of acute hemolytic reaction?

Fever; chills; low back pain; hypotension

What is PEP?

Post‑exposure prophylaxis for HIV

When must PEP start?

Within 72 hours

How long is PEP therapy?

28 days