basic prin disease chapter 3

Gene

Segments of DNA chains that determine cell properties and are basic units of inheritance.

Locus

The specific site on a chromosome where a gene is located.

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

Dominant Gene

A gene that is expressed in either heterozygous or homozygous state.

Recessive Gene

A gene that is expressed only in the homozygous state.

Codominant

When both alleles are expressed in the phenotype.

Sex-linked genes

Genes that are carried on the X chromosome.

Female Carrier

A female with one normal and one defective allele on the X chromosome.

Barr Body (Se x chromatin body)

The inactive X chromosome in a female cell.

Chromosome Analysis

The study of chromosome composition and abnormalities.

Karyotype

The arrangement of chromosomes from single cell to categorize them.

Central Dogma

The process of DNA being transcribed into RNA and translated into protein.

Mitochondrial DNA

DNA located in mitochondria, inherited differently than nuclear DNA.

Spermatogenesis

The process by which sperm are produced from spermatogonia.

Oogenesis

The process by which ova are produced from oogonia.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Structural variations in single nucleotides that affect gene functions.

Recombinant DNA Technology

A process that involves combining genes from different sources.

Gene Therapy

A treatment that involves inserting a normal gene into a defective cell to correct a genetic disorder.

CRISPR-Cas9

A gene editing system that allows for precise alterations of DNA.

centromere

constricted area where chromatids remain joined during metaphase

nucleotide

basic structural unit of DNA consisting of a phosphate group linked to a five-carbon sugar

mitochondria

sausage-shaped organelles that have small amounts of DNA that contain genes necessary for the synthesis of energy-generating proteins

hemizygous

used for males are because of genes carried on the X chromosome and because they only possess one X chromosome

gametes

mature germ cells

Gametogenesis

process by which gametes are formed

transfer RNA

Picks up required amino acids from the cytoplasm and transfers them to the ribosomes for assembly

Genome

the sum total of all the genes contained in a cell's chromosomes

chromosome

a series of messages called the genetic code that regulates cell functions

pedigree

gives the inheritance pattern of a family