Chapter 1 Anatomy: History and Homeostasis

What is the definition of Anatomy?

the study of the structure/form of the body

What is the definition of Physiology?

the study of the function of the body

Who was the first anatomist?

Herophilos

Who was the father of anatomy?

Andreas Vesalius

Who performed animal dissections?

Hippocrates, and Aristotle

What are the organizational levels of the human body?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What are the main elements of the body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

What are the different chemicals in the body?

proteins, fats, and carbs

How many human cells are in the body?

30 trillion

Is homeostasis dynamic or static?

dynamic

What is the definition of homeostasis?

maintenance of a constant internal environment

What does homeostatic regulation allow?

for the body systems to respond to internal or external changes within normal ranges

What are the two mechanisms of regulation?

autoregulation and extrinsic regulation

What is autoregulation?

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

What is extrinsic regulation?

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

What are the three components of extrinsic regulation and their function?

receptor: receives stimulus
control center: processes signal and send instructions
effector: carries out instructions

What two tissues act like effectors?

muscle and gland tissues

What are negative feedback loops?

they cause a system to change in the opposite direction by eliminating or decreasing the stimulus

What are positive feedback loops?

they cause a system to change further in the same direction by increasing stimulus until negative feedback shuts it off

How does age affect homeostasis?

age makes it more difficult to maintain homeostasis

What is the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy?

gross anatomy is the study of large structures seen with the naked eye while microscopic is the study of microscopic structures

What are the two major divisions of microscopic anatomy?

cytology and histology

What is an important example of negative feedback?

thermoregulation

If the body temperature increases, what homeostatic changes happen?

blood vessels dilate increasing blood flow to surface of skin (loss of heat) and the sweat glands secrete more sweat allowing for evaporation

If the body temperature decreases, what homeostatic changes happen?

blood vessels constrict and the body shivers to create/produce heat

What are some examples of positive feedback loops?

labor and blood clotting

What is it called when the body malfunctions on maintaining homeostasis?

disease

Who was the physician to gladiators?

Galen

Who drew accurate anatomical drawings based on cadavers?

DaVinci

What became a popular way of teaching anatomy?

anatomical theaters