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Agglomeration

The clustering of productive activities and people for mutual advantage.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing process in which parts are added in a sequential manner to create a finished product.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry that makes something that gains volume or weight during production.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

An industry that makes something that loses weight or volume during production.

Capital

Financial assets or resources used in the production of goods and services.

Consumptive Water Usage

Water that is used and not returned to its source.

Cottage Industry

A small-scale, decentralized manufacturing business often operated out of a home.

Deindustrialization

The decline of industrial activity in a region or economy.

Export Processing Zone

A designated area where goods can be manufactured, imported, and exported without tariffs.

Footloose Industry

An industry whose location is not tied to resources or transportation; can be relocated easily.

Fossil Fuel

Natural fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas formed from the remains of ancient organisms.

Post-Fordism

An economic system characterized by flexible production processes and diverse labor practices.

Geothermal Energy

Energy derived from the heat stored beneath the earth's surface.

Greenhouse Effect

The warming of the Earth's surface due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases.

Just-in-Time Delivery

A logistics strategy that aligns raw-material orders with production schedules.

Industrial Revolution

The period of major industrialization that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Infrastructure

The fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area.

International Division of Labor

The allocation of different tasks or jobs across different countries.

Labor-Intensive Industry

An industry where a large amount of labor is used relative to capital.

Weber’s Least-Cost Theory

A theory that states that businesses choose locations based on minimizing costs.

Maquiladora

A manufacturing plant located in Mexico that assembles imported materials into finished goods.

Mass Production

The manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products.

Nonpoint Source Pollution

Pollution that comes from many diffuse sources rather than a single, identifiable source.

Outsourcing

The practice of hiring external firms to handle work normally performed within a company.

Primary Industry

Industries that extract natural resources from the earth.

Post-Fordist Production

A flexible approach to production that is less reliant on standardization.

Potential vs. Proven Reserve

Potential reserves are estimated resources, while proven reserves are known to be recoverable.

Recycling

The process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.

Renewable Energy

Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar and wind.

Right-to-Work Laws

Laws that prohibit mandatory union membership or payment of union dues.

Secondary Industry

Industries that manufacture finished goods from raw materials.

Special Economic Zone

An area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country.

Business Services

Services that provide support to businesses rather than to individual consumers.

Central Place Theory

A geographical theory that explains the size and distribution of human settlements.

Clustered Rural Settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by buildings grouped closely together.

Consumer Services

Services that are primarily for individual consumers.

Dispersed Rural Settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by scattered farm houses and buildings.

Enclosure Movement

The historical process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms.

Gravity Model

A model that predicts the interaction between two places based on their size and distance.

Hierarchy of Settlements

The organization of urban centers in a ranked order based on their size and functions.

Hinterland or Market Area

The area surrounding a central place that provides it with goods and services.

Long-Lot Settlement

A pattern of land division that provides access to water sources.

Non-Basic Business

Businesses that provide services to residents of a local community rather than to outside markets.

Periodic Market

A market that is held at regular intervals.

Primate City

The largest city in a country that dominates the economic and political landscape.

Public Services

Services provided by the government to its citizens.

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to purchase a good.

Rank-Size Rule

A principle stating that the population of a city or town is inversely proportional to its rank.