APUSH REVIEW EVERYTHING

ALL KNOWT TERMS NEEDED + IMPORTANT DATES

Pre-Columbian Great Plains Settlements

(Pre-1492)

1) Lived in a variety of nomadic and sedentary communities.

2) Nomadic tribes lived in tepees and hunted animals such as buffalo on foot.

3) Sedentary tribes lived in earthen lodges and farmed what became known as the "three sisters" - corn, beans, and squash.

Pre-Columbian Mississippi River Settlements

(Pre-1492)

1) Fertile soil and abundant rivers allowed natives to grow surpluses of corn, beans, and squash.

2) Natives built substantial towns, such as Cahokia, which were highly populated and served as centers of trade.

3) Natives built earthen pyramids or mounds, which were topped by wooden temples.

Pre-Columbian Southwest Settlements

(Pre-1492)

1) The Pueblo people were one of the first tribes to cultivate maize (corn) in America.

2) The Pueblo people developed complex irrigation systems to maintain crops in the hot, arid climate.

3) The Pueblo created intricate cliff dwellings at places like Chaco Canyon that housed large populations and served as hubs for trade.

Maize Cultivation

(Pre-1492)

1) Refers to the growing of corn.

2) Native societies that adopted corn grew larger and more sophisticated over time such as the Aztec and Mayas.

3) Cultivation of corn began in central Mexico and slowly spread to other parts of North America.

Columbian Exchange

(1492)

1) Transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds following Columbus' voyage to America.

2) Diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and the measles were brought over to the New World by Europeans, greatly reducing the Native American population.

3) New crops such as corn, squash, beans, potatoes, and tomatoes were brought over to the Old World improving the diets of Europeans and Africans and leading to population growth.

Fur Trade

(1500s)

1) Trade alliance that developed between Northeast Native American tribes and Europeans such the French, Dutch, and English.

2) Native Americans would trade beaver skins for European goods such as guns, brass kettles, and alcohol.

3) Native American tribes competed for control of the fur trade, which occasionally led to conflicts between native groups such as the Beaver Wars.

Iroquois Confederation

(1500s)

1) Loose alliance of 5 tribes, which included the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

2) The alliance was created by the prophet Deganawida and his disciple Hiawatha in order to unify the tribes and end the violent fighting between Iroquois nations.

3) It is considered to be one of the oldest democracies, and its constitution, the Great Law of Peace, was a model for the U.S. Constitution.

Encomienda System

(1512-1542)

1) A labor system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians.

2) It was a disguised form of Native American slavery.

3) The Spanish justified their control of native peoples through religion.

Bartolome de Las Casas

1) As a Catholic priest, he devoted most of his life to protecting American Indians from exploitation and arguing against Native American slavery.

2) Defended Native Americans at the Valladolid Debate in 1550.

3) His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Indians to labor.

Pueblo Revolt

(1680)

1) Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century, which was caused by Spanish attempts to convert Indians to Catholicism.

2) Natives expelled the Spanish for over 10 years from the region.

3) As a result, the Spanish began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt.

Mulatto & Mestizo

(1500s)

1) Mulatto is the offspring of Europeans and Africans.

2) Mestizo is the offspring of Europeans (Spanish) and indigenous persons.

3) These offspring added to the repopulation of the Western Hemisphere and also created a social hierarchy with Europeans having the most power.

Indentured servitude

(1600s)

1) Was a way for poor Europeans to immigrate to the American colonies.

2) Immigrants traded 3 to 7 years of labor in exchange for the costly passage to come to the colonies.

3) Up to 50% of European immigrants came on some type of contract (including farming or domestic work).

Triangular trade

(1600s)

1) Was the trade route whose main goal was the transatlantic slave trade.

2) The trade was between European colonial powers, West Africa and Caribbean or North American colonies.

3) The goods were sugar (rum) for manufactured goods (weapons) for slaves (middle passage).

Virginia Slave Laws

(1660s)

1) Was the first example of the colonial government defining what it meant to be a slave in the British North American colonies.

2) Introduced the concept of "perpetual" slavery, or any child born to a female slave would be slave for life.

3) Also legalized the idea that slaves were property and that owners could use corporal punishment and receive financial compensation for slaves.

Chesapeake/Southern colonies

(1600-1754)

1) Consists of Maryland, Virginia (Chesapeake), North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.

2) These colonies were distinguished by an economy of cash crops (tobacco (main crop), indigo and rice. Indentured servants and slaves were main labor source.

3) A large wealth gap with large plantation owners having power and a protestant religion were characteristics of this region.

New England colonies

(1600-1754)

1) Northernmost colonies, which consisted of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.

2) The area was originally settled by families who were coming to America to escape religious persecution (i.e. Puritans and Pilgrims).

3) The cold climate and rocky soil meant that the economy of the region was based on trade and shipbuilding.

Middle colonies

(1600-1754)

1) Region that included the New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey colonies.

2) The most diverse region in the British colonies, which included Germans, Dutch, and Quakers.

3) As the "bread colonies," the economy of the region was built on the cultivation of corn and wheat.

Jamestown

(1607)

) The first permanent English settlement in North America, which was established in present-day Virginia.

2) The early years of this colony were especially difficult as colonists died in large numbers due to disease, malnutrition, starvation, and clashes with natives.

3) The introduction of tobacco into the colony by John Rolfe helped make it an economic success and allowed this colony to flourish.

Virginia House of Burgesses

(1619)

1) First representative assembly created in the British colonies, which was created to govern Virginia.

2) It established a tradition of democracy in the British colonies.

3) This legislative body lasted all the way up to the American Revolution in 1776, with Founding Fathers such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry serving as representatives.

Puritans

(1630)

1) These colonists settled in present-day Massachusetts.

2) These colonists came to America seeking religious freedom from the Anglican church.

3) Their leader John Winthrop delivered this famous sermon, in which he encouraged Puritans to serve as a "model" community for the rest of the world (“A City Upon a Hill”)

Roger Williams/Anne Hutchinson

(1640s)

1) They were both Puritans who were banished from Massachusetts.

2) He founded Rhode Island, known for its religious toleration.

3) She and her followers joined Williams in Rhode Island.

Navigation Acts

(1660s)

1) Mercantilism is the system in which colonies provide raw materials to its mother country in order to profit from that country's industry. The Navigation Acts are the laws that were created for this very system.

2) The Navigation Acts are laws that dictated the rules of trade between Great Britain and its colonies.

3) The rules of trade were rarely enforced by the British crown, allowing for a policy of salutary neglect to develop.

King Philip’s War

(1675)

1) Named after the tribal leader who united Native tribes against English settlers encroaching on their territory.

2) Thousands were killed on both sides, including the tribal leader.

3) This event was significant because it signaled the end of Native American resistance in the New England colonies.

Bacon’s Rebellion

(1676)

1) A British colonial farmer, along with former indentured servants, led a series of raids against Native Americans in Virginia.

2) The government accused the poor farmers of rebelling against authority.

3) This conflict served as an example of the class differences that existed within the colonies.

Holy Experiment

(1681)

1) This refers to the colony of Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn.

2) This was created as a safe haven for Quakers and guaranteed religious freedom.

3) Its government consisted of a representative assembly and written constitution.

Stono Rebellion

(1739)

1) This was the largest slave revolt in the British colonies.

2) Slaves killed more than 20 whites in South Carolina as they tried to gain freedom in Florida.

3) After the slaves were stopped, whites passed more laws restricting slaves.

John Locke

(1700s)

1) The Enlightenment was a philosophical and cultural movement in Europe.

2) John Locke was an English philosopher believed in natural rights which greatly influenced American revolutionaries.

3) The ideas of the movement emphasized reason and science as opposed to blind faith and science.

First Great Awakening

(1730s)

1) This was a religious revival in the British colonies.

2) Jonathan Edwards's "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" and George Whitefield were two powerful influences during the movement.

3.) As a result, colonists shared in a common experience and caused some to question authority.

Benjamin Franklin

(1706-1790)

1.) American public official, writer, scientist, and printer., who promoted freedom of the press. After the success of his "Poor Richard's Almanac", he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution.

2.) Developed the Albany Plan of Union in 1754, which proposed an intercolonial government, and systems for recruiting troops and collecting taxes. During the American Revolution, he negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris, and helped draft the Constitution.

3.) His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

Republican Motherhood

(Late 1700s)

1) Belief that women had an important role in the new government of the United States by protecting morality and nurturing civic virtue in their husbands and children.

2) Led to an increased role for women in the United States, because it encouraged women to get an education.

3) Women became more political during the American Revolution, serving as nurses, cooks, running family farms, and even sometimes posing as soldiers. These political roles led to a focus on developing republican ideals in their children when the war was over.

Articles of Confederation

(1781-1789)

1) First constitution of the United States, which was created during the Revolutionary war.

2) The central government was intentionally very weak and had very few powers: it had no army, could not tax, could not regulate trade, and lacked a federal court system.

3) The weaknesses in the government created major economic problems and led to turmoil such as Shays' Rebellion.

Northwest Ordinance

(1787)

1) Organized the Northwest territory for government and future statehood.

2) Granted freedom of religion, banned slavery, and provided for public education in the territory.

3) One of the only major accomplishments of Congress under the Articles of Confederation.

Three-fifths Compromise

(1789)

1) This addition to the constitution stated that each slave would count as 3/5 of a person when determining total population.

2) This population count was used to determine taxation and representation in Congress.

3) This was meant to serve as a compromise between northern and southern states while creating the Constitution, which would not have been ratified without this compromise.

Federalist Papers

(1787)

1) A series of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.

2) The purpose of the essays was to convince Americans to ratify the Constitution.

3) There were 85 essays that advocated for the creation of a strong central government.

Proclamation of Neutrality

(1793)

1) A formal declaration by George Washington, who publicly declared neutrality in conflicts between Great Britain and France.

2) Washington was concerned about the new nation's ability to handle foreign conflicts.

3) This caused political division, resulting in Jefferson's resignation from the cabinet.

Shays’ Rebellion

(1787)

1) This uprising was caused by farmers who were upset over high taxes and imprisonment over debt.

2) Many of the farmers had fought in the American Revolution and stopped the collection of taxes.

3) This demonstrated a weakness in the Articles of Confederation, as only the state militia was able to stop the uprising.

Whiskey Rebellion

(1794)

1) Alexander Hamilton introduced excise taxes as part of his financial plan.

2) Western Pennsylvania farmers rejected the tax on distilled grains.

3) Washington sent troops to stop the protests, demonstrating the power of the new federal government under the U.S. Constitution.

Treaty of Greenville

(1795)

1) As settlers began moving west and encroaching on native lands, violence broke out.

2) The native tribes were supplied by the British, but the Americans defeated the native confederation at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

3) The natives gave up the Ohio Territory, which was open to colonial settlement.

Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan

(1796)

1) Goal was to stabilize the U.S. economy after the Articles of Confederation.

2) Consisted of a national bank, tariff and federal government's assumption of state debt.

3) Thomas Jefferson and other states' rights advocates were against this and worried it only benefited the wealthy and gave too much power to federal government.

Federalist party

(1790s)

1) Led by Alexander Hamilton

2) Believed in a national bank, tariffs, loose interpretation of Constitution, and pro-British

3) Supported by the wealthy and business owners, especially in the North

Democratic-Republicans

(1790s)

1) Led by Thomas Jefferson

2) Anti-national bank and tariff but believed in strict interpretation of Constitution and pro-French

3) Supported by small farmers, especially in the South

Washington’s Farewell Address

(1796)

1) Set precedent for serving maximum of two terms as president

2) Warned against getting involved in European affairs and forming alliances

3) Warned against forming political parties (but advice was too late)

Alien & Sedition Acts

(1798)

1) Passed by President John Adams

2) Allowed the president to deport any foreigner deemed dangerous and made it illegal to speak out against the president

3) Passed as a means for the president to reassert control in response to growing demands to go to war against France

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

(1798)

1) Written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to Alien & Sedition Acts

2) Argued that states could nullify federal law

3) Only adopted by two states but raised question of how much power states should have versus federal government

Bill of Rights

(1791)

1) First ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution

2) Proposed by the Anti-Federalists, who believed the rights of the people needed to be protected

3) Written by James Madison and typically supported by southern delegates

Abigail Adams

(1744-1818)

1) The wife of John Adams and the mother of future president John Quincy Adams. She served as the first lady of the United States from 1797-1801.

2) Often separated from her husband due to his work with the American Revolution, like many women of the day, she oversaw the family's household and raised 4 children on her own. She maintained constant correspondence (letters) with her husband and other revolutionary figures such as Thomas Jefferson.

3) She was a strong advocate for women's rights, female education, and the abolition of slavery. While women did not gain equality as a result of the American Revolution, she supported the development of Republican Motherhood, which allowed more educational opportunities for women in early America.

Phillis Wheatley

(1753-1784)

1.) First African American female writer and enslaved person to be published in the United States. Her book "Poems on Various Subjects" was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature.

2.) Born in West Africa (Senegal), she was kidnapped at the age of 7 and brought to Boston as part of the Middle Passage. She worked for the Wheatley family, who encouraged her poetry.

3.) Wheatley wrote about the new republic, covering topics such as the Stamp Act. She also wrote poems about George Washington AND George Whitefield.

Albany Plan of Union

(1754)

1.) Developed by Benjamin Franklin after the British government called for representatives to meet in Albany, NY.

2.) Plan allowed for an inner-colonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for their defense.

3.) Colonies could not agree and plan fell through, but set a precedent for future congresses.

French & Indian War

(1754)

1) Colonial war between British colonies and colonies of New France who were supported by Native American allies.

2) Ended with British supremacy of North America.

3) Opened the Ohio valley to the American colonists.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

(1763)

1) An uprising of Native American allies in the aftermath of the French and Indian War.

2) Changed British policy towards the colonies with Proclamation of 1763, preventing colonists from westward settlement.

3) Officially ended the policy of salutary neglect, leading to the road to revolution.

Stamp Act (1765)

(1765)

1) A tax on all printed materials that was also the first direct tax on the American colonies by British parliament.

2) British government needed to help pay for British troops stationed in American colonies.

3) Led to opposition by Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty.

Sons of Liberty

(1765)

1) Secret organization launched to fight the Stamp Act.

2) Although they were disbanded after the repeal of the Stamp Act, they represented any opposition to future British taxes.

3) Their motto "No taxation without representation" became a rallying cry of revolution.

Boston Massacre

(1770)

1) A small group of British soldiers were being harassed by Bostonians who hated their presence.

2) The soldiers fired a volley into the crowd, killing five colonists.

3) This act was used as propaganda by Samuel Adams to rile up colonies against British government.

Intolerable Acts

(1774)

1) These were punitive laws passed by the British parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party.

2) The British Parliament hope to make an example of Massachusetts to the other 12 colonies.

3) Instead it led to the First Continental Congress and the colonies becoming more unified in their response to Britain.

Second Continental Congress

(1775)

1.) After fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord, delegates met in Philadelphia.

2.) George Washington was named Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.

3.) The delegates also voted to send an "Olive Branch Petition" to King George III in which they asked the king to acknowledge colonial rights and liberties in exchange for peace. This petition angered the king, furthering the course of the war.

Common Sense

(1776)

1) This was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine.

2) It circulated in the colonies, advocating for colonial independence from Great Britain.

3) One main argument was that an island should not rule a large continent.

Declaration of Independence

(1776)

1) This was written by Thomas Jefferson.

2) It outlined specific grievances that the colonists had with King George III.

3) One major argument was that all men are entitled to unalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Treaty of Paris

(1783)

1) This was created after the British defeat at Yorktown.

2) It was the conclusion to the American Revolution, and recognized the United States as an independent nation.

3) It dictated that the Mississippi River was the western boundary of the U.S., significantly increasing the size of the colonies.

Barbary Pirates

(1801-1805)

1) The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded money in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates.

2) President Jefferson stopped paying the money, and the U.S. fought the Tripolitan War (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria.

3) After years of intermittent fighting, a peace agreement was reached in 1805, and the U.S. gained some respect from foreign nations.

Louisiana Purchase

(1803)

1) The purchase of a large tract of land from Napoleon and the French for 15 million dollars after their failure to control Haiti during the Haitian Revolution.

2) Doubled the size of the United States, and Jefferson sent the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the newly acquired land.

3) Thomas Jefferson struggled with the decision, because it conflicted with his strict interpretation of the Constitution. However, he went through with it because the additional land would help him achieve his goal of a nation of small yeoman farmers.

Marbury v. Madison

(1803)

1) The Supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review.

2) Ruling was made by John Marshall, who was a Federalist and wanted to increase the power of the central government and the judicial branch.

3) Established the Constitution as actual law rather than a simple set of political principles, and it further defined the concept of the three branches of government by separating the executive and judicial branches of government.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

(1804-1806)

1.) Thomas Jefferson, who is considered to be the first westard expansion President, sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to investigate the resources the U.S. had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase.

2.) They crossed the Rockies and reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. They recorded the types of wildlife, plants, and number of Indian tribes. Their expedition contributed significant geographic and scientific knowledge of the West, helped expand the fur trade within the United States, and gave America claims to lands in the Pacific Northwest (the Oregon Territory).

3.) The men relied on the help of a Shoshone Native American woman named Sacagawea, who served as an interpreter and valuable resource navigating the land.

Embargo Act

(1807)

1) A general restriction of trade with all nations enacted during the Napoleonic Wars.

2) Was passed as a reaction to impressment by French and British ships and as a way to preserve U.S. neutrality.

3) The act undermined national unity and led to a severe decline in the American economy before its repeal, especially in the North where trade was a primary source of revenue.

War Hawks

(1811-1812)

1) Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain.

2) Largely drawn from the South and West, these congressmen resented British constraints on American trade (impressment) and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

3) Led by Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Felix Grundy. They beleived a war with Great Britain could lead to the acquistion of new territory for the United States.

War of 1812

(1812)

1) Conflict between the US and Britain during the period of the Napoleonic Wars over the issue of impressment and control of lands on America's western frontier.

2) Pushed for by southern and western congressmen known as Warhawks that saw an opportunity to expand into Canada and increase America's prestige.

3) Ended by the Treaty of Ghent before the main victory in New Orleans that led to an increase in national pride and a period of national unity.

Hartford Convention

(1814-1815)

1) Event at which New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812. The Federalists resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in the federal government.

2) Discussed removing the 3/5 Compromise, criticized Louisiana Purchase and Embargo Act, and wanted to limit presidential terms.

3) Led to the collapse of the Federalist Party, especially after New England states considered seceding from the union.

Tecumseh

(Early 1800s)

1) Shawnee warrior and chief who became the leader of a multi-tribal confederacy who fought against the US for control of land in the Ohio River Valley.

2) While he was absent recruiting, his brother lost the Battle of Tippecanoe in the Indiana territory in 1811.

3) Sided with the British in the War of 1812 and was killed- ending the native american alliance and their resistance to American settlement of the Northwest Territory.

Treaty of Ghent

(1814)

1.) The official peace treaty that ended the War of 1812.

2.) The treaty halted fighting and territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

3.) While the treaty never addressed the original issues that began the conflict (i.e. impressment), it did mark the beginning or a rise in nationalism within the United States. After re-affirming their independence from Great Britain, Americans were now prepared to begin creating their own culture and economy separate from Great Britain.

Market Revolution

(Early 1800s)

1) Creation of a national economy as people begin to produce surpluses of goods to sell to new markets outside of their local area.

2) Earliest factories begin to form, especially in the North which turn southern cotton into textiles.

3) This was spurred by advancements in transportation such as canals, railroads, and turnpikes that allowed people to transport their goods further distances.

Cotton Gin

(1793)

1) Eli Whitney’s machine that quickly separates fibers from their seeds increasing production and making cotton a major cash crop.

2) This led to an increase in demand for slaves and slavery becoming entrenched in the South, eventually dividing the country in the Civil War.

3) As a result of this invention, the South dramatically increased production of cotton and the North’s textile industry was bolstered.

Interchangeable Parts

(1798)

1) First invented by Eli Whitney as a way to easily manufacture firearms.

2) Was applied to other products, allowing for mass production of goods during Market Revolution.

3) Created a further separation between the Southern agricultural economy and the growing Northern industrial economy.

Robert Fulton

(1807)

1) Engineer and inventor who created the first commercially successful steamboat.

2) The Clermont (the first steamboat) proved the viability of steam powered propulsion and increased transportation mobility in US.

3) Major impact on river traffic and trade in the United States, which allowed people to send goods further distances in less time

Lowell System

(1811)

1) Revolutionary factory system that organized the production of goods under one roof, essentially ending the "putting-out" system.

2) Factories were located in Massachusetts because they required fast moving rivers to help power the machinery.

3) This allowed primarily young women the opportunity to work in the textile industry and have their housing provided. Many women were from farming backgrounds, looking to make money for their families back home.

Henry Clay’s American System

(1816)

1) This was proposed to increase economic independence and promote American industry after the War of 1812.

2) It called for an increase in protective tariffs and the establishment of the Second National Bank of the United States.

3) The tariffs would then be used to finance internal improvements, such as roads and canals.

Missouri Compromise

(1820)

1) This was meant to keep the balance of senators from slave and free states.

2) Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state.

3) Law prohibited slavery north of the 36° 30´ latitude line, and created intense feelings of sectionalism between the North and South over the expansion of slavery.

Monroe Doctrine

(1823)

1) This foreign policy initiative was meant to keep European powers out of the western hemisphere, stating that the U.S. was the sole protective power of all countries in North and South America.

2) The policy was supported by the British government who also didn't want other European countries in the western hemisphere.

3) While it was proposed at the time to promote American neutrality, future presidents used this policy to justify imperial claims in the western hemisphere.

Erie Canal

(1825)

1) This was built in New York by many Irish immigrants.

2)This linked western farms with eastern cities through the Great Lakes.

3) This led to improved transportation, which resulted in lower food costs and more settlement in the west.

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

(1830)

1) This was the first commercial rail line that linked the East coast with the Midwest.

2) This gradually began to replace canals as the major system of transportation.

3) This led to more lines being built, which led to an increased transport of goods and people across the country.

McCormick's Mechanical Reaper

(1834)

1) This allowed farmers to harvest wheat more efficiently.

2) Farmers were able to sell more wheat as a result.

3) This allowed for the creation of larger corporate farms out West. As a result, western states like Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio became major food producers for the country.

Irish Potato Famine

(1840s)

1) A fungus infected the potato crop in the early 1800s, which Ireland had become incredibly reliant upon for food. This led to the destruction of crops and mass starvation throughout the country. As a result, over two million Irish immigrants came to the U.S.

2) Lacking money and farming skills, most Irish immigrants settled in major cities like New York and Boston where they were forced to live in places such as the Five Points slum, and they faced heavy discrimination. It was common to see signs that read "No Irish Need Apply" (NINA) during this period.

3) Irish immigrants were often forced to take low-paying labor-intensive jobs. The Irish helped dig many of the canals and laid the track for many of the railroads built in this era.

James Monroe

(1817-1825)

1) Monroe was the fifth president of the United States, serving two terms from 1817-1821 and 1821-1825.

2) His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the creation of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

3) Monroe's presidency is often referred to as the "Era of Good Feelings", as the nation was united under one political party: the Democratic-Republicans. This was a time of heightened nationalism after the War of 1812, and a strong desire for unity was present in the United States.

Tariff of 1816

1)The first protective tariff in U.S. history. Tariffs had been used prior to this generate revenue for the U.S. government, but this was the first time the government was using them to protect industries.

2) A tariff is a tax placed on imported goods. This tariff raised the price of foreign manufactured products so that newly emerging American industries such as textile mills could compete.

3) It demonstrated more government involvement in the creation of a national economy. However, it also stirred up controversy. Northern manufacturers and some politicians who wanted to strengthen American industry supported the tariff, while many southern and western states opposed it.

German Revolution

(1848)

1) This was a series of protests in which people fought for basic freedoms, such as freedom of the press, assembly, and advocated for a representative government. These protests failed, and as a result, many Germans came to America looking to escape political persecution and experience democracy.

2) Many German immigrants who came to America were financially better off than Irish immigrants who arrived at the same time. These immigrants were able to move to the Midwest and purchase farmland. The development of states such as Wisconsin were heavily influenced by the influx of German immigration.

3) German immigrants often formed communities of their own in the Midwest. As a result, they did not experience as much persecution as Irish immigrants during this time period. These immigrants brought with them beliefs that would influence America including a desire to engage in reform movements such as abolitionism.

Universal white male suffrage

(1830s)

1) This began in Western states such as Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri and then spread elsewhere.

2) This removed the religious and property qualifications for voting.

3) As a result, voter participation dramatically increased.

King Caucus

(1830s)

1) Up until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by state legislatures or by closed-door meetings of a political party's leaders in Congress.

2) In the 1830's, this was replaced by nominating conventions.

3) The shift to nominating conventions allowed for more people to participate in the political process and was an example of the expansion of democracy that was occurring during this era.

Spoils System

(1830s)

1) Method of filling government positions with officials that were loyal to the new administration.

2) Policy endorsed by Andrew Jackson, who argued that it allowed for new people to participate in government.

3) Policy represents Jackson's belief in the "Common Man" because he believed any person was capable of filling any position.

Whig Party

(1830s)

1) Political group that was created in opposition to Andrew Jackson and was led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

2) Favored pro-business policies and supported Clay's American System, especially protective tariffs and the Second National Bank of the United States. As a result, most of their support came from Northern business owners.

3) Favored more power to the central government in order to protect American manufacturing and the rule of law.

Trail of Tears

(1838)

1) Refers to the forced migration of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to present-day Oklahoma. As a result, about 4,000 Cherokee (¼ of the tribe) died on this journey due to hunger, disease, and exhaustion.

2) This event resulted from the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which gave the government the power to remove Native American tribes east of the Mississippi to lands in the West.

3) Native Americans initially protested this action and were supported by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Worchester v. Georgia, but President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the court’s decision.

Jackson’s Bank veto

(1832)

1) Caused by the President’s belief that the national bank was unconstitutional and only benefited the wealthy.

2) Henry Clay disagreed with this action.

3) This led to the President transferring federal funds to various “pet banks” and ultimately contributed to a financial panic.

Tariff of 1828

(1828)

1) This put an increased tax on imports in order to protect American industry in the North.

2) Demonstrates a growing sectionalism in America over economic policies. While Northerners supported it, Southerners were angered that the price of goods has risen, and they labeled this “abominable” (horrible).

3) John C. Calhoun protested against this and threatened to nullify it, leading to the Nullification Crisis.

Nullification crisis

(1832)

1) John C. Calhoun of South Carolina caused this by suggesting that states could void federal laws they disagree with.

2) Although President Andrew Jackson was a supporter of states’ rights, he sided with the federal government in this case and made South Carolina adhere to the tariff by threatening it with the Force Act.

3) This set the stage for future debates over states’ rights and the power of the federal government.

Second Great Awakening

(1790-1820)

1) This was a religious revival that began in the “burnt over district” of upstate New York by ministers such as Charles Finney.

2) It created more divisions in American religious sects (increased religious diversity).

3) It led to a significant increase in social reform movements such as the abolitionist movement, asylum movement, temperance movement, and women's suffrage. These movements emphasized morality as well as human perfectionism, which is the idea that individuals and society were capable of improvement.

King Cotton

(Early 1800s)

1) Phrase used by Southerners in the early 1800s to describe the economic importance of cotton to the southern economy.

2) As a result of the cotton gin, cotton overtook tobacco as the main cash crop of the South, making up more than half of the total exports of the U.S.

3) The growth of cotton led to an increased reliance on slavery in the southern states before the Civil War.

Second Middle Passage

(1800-1860)

1) Internal slave trade in which slaves on old tobacco plantations in Virginia and North Carolina were sold "down the river" to areas in the Deep South.

2) Resulted from the U.S. Congress outlawing the international slave trade in 1808.

3) Over 800,000 slaves were sold to the Deep South between 1820 and 1860, concentrating slavery in the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina, a region that became known as the Black Belt.

Charles Ball

(1790-1840)

1) Born into slavery in Maryland in 1781. He was sent into the Deep South in 1806 via the Second Middle Passage, where he worked on cotton plantations in South Carolina and Georgia. He later escaped back to the North in 1810.

2) He served in the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812 as a free man, and after the war he remained in Baltimore, purchasing land and building a home for himself and his family.

3) In 1830, he was kidnapped and sold back into slavery in Georgia. He escaped again and returned to his home in Maryland to find that his wife and children had also been kidnapped and sold into slavery. He then settled in Pennsylvania where he published his autobiography.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s)

1) South Carolina politician and leader of the Democratic Party who served as Vice-President, Secretary of State, and a member of the Senate.

2) Strongly advocated for states’ rights, nullification, and slavery.

3) Argued that slavery was a “positive good” that morally improved the lives of those who were enslaved.

Cult of domesticity

(1800s)

1) Philosophy that emphasized “separate spheres” between the genders where men were responsible for work and politics while women remained in the home.

2) Philosophy emerged during the time of the Market Revolution and discouraged women from taking wage labor jobs.

3) Was most prominent among white, Protestant, upper class families in the Northeast.

American Temperance Society

(1826)

1) Reform organization that was created in opposition to the consumption of alcohol.

2) The group originally persuaded drinkers to take a pledge of abstinence; however, as time went on, they began to push for the prohibition of alcohol.

3) Founded by ministers, it was concerned about the impact of alcohol on the morality of American society.

Dorothea Dix

(1820s and 1830s)

1) Former school teacher from Massachusetts who was horrified by conditions in mental hospitals and prisons.

2) Major reformer who was part of the Asylum Movement, which resulted from the Second Great Awakening. She publicized the horrible treatment and conditions in the mental hospitals and advocated for the moral treatment of patients and inmates.

3) Her campaign led to new hospitals being built and better treatment for patients and inmates.

Nat Turner’s rebellion

(1831)

1) Most important slave uprising in 19th century America, led by a slave preacher, who with his followers, killed about sixty white persons in Southampton County, Virginia.

2) Led to a large debate within Virginia over the future of slavery, and the pro-slavery side won.

3) As a result, the Virginia government created harsher slave laws, which made it illegal to teach reading and writing to slaves and banned slaves from gathering in groups for religious purposes without a white minister present.