a&p lab practical

CNS

Central Nervous System, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

PNS

Peripheral Nervous System, includes cranial (12) and spinal (31) nerves.

Astrocytes

Star-shaped neuroglial cells that support neurons and form the blood-brain barrier.

Oligodendrocytes

Cells that form myelin in the brain and spinal cord.

Ependymal cells

Cells that line the cavities in the CNS and secrete & circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Microglia

Neuroglial cells that phagocytize and destroy foreign or dead matter.

Schwann cells

Cells that form myelin in the PNS and aid in nerve fiber regeneration.

Satellite cells

Cells that provide electrical insulation and regulate the chemical environment in the PNS.

Meninges

Three protective membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Dura mater

The thicker outer meningeal layer composed of collagen.

Arachnoid mater

The middle meningeal layer with a web-like structure; contains the subarachnoid space filled with CSF.

Pia mater

The delicate, innermost meningeal layer that adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

Gyri

Raised mounds on the surface of the brain.

Sulci

Shallow grooves between the gyri on the brain's surface.

Fissure

A deeper groove in the brain's surface.

Monosynaptic reflex

A reflex that involves one synapse with no interneuron.

Polysynaptic reflex

A reflex that involves multiple synapses and one or more interneurons.

Mechanoreceptors

Receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli such as touch or pressure.

Nociceptors

Pain receptors that respond to harmful stimuli.

Thermoreceptors

Receptors that respond to changes in temperature.

Taste buds

Sensory organs responsible for the perception of taste.

Fovea centralis

The area of the retina with a high concentration of cone photoreceptors for sharp vision.

Optic disc

The spot in the retina where the optic nerve exits, creating a blind spot.

Auricle (pinna)

The outer part of the ear that directs sound waves into the auditory canal.

Organ of Corti

The sensory organ of hearing located in the cochlea.

Weber test

A hearing test that helps determine which ear is affected by hearing loss.

Rinne test

A test comparing air conduction and bone conduction of sound to assess hearing loss.

Depth perception

The visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions, requiring two eyes.

Light pen pupillary reaction test

oculomotor nerve

Cotton ball test

facial nerve

Shoulder test

spinal or accessory nerve 

Tuning fork

vestibularocular

Clove vs. mint smell test

olfactory nerve

What kind of receptors are the muscle spindles and Golgi tendon?

stretch

What did we use Taylor’s Hammer to demonstrate

somatic

What responses did we expect with patellar tendon

(extension of leg), flexion/curling of the toes and plantar flexion of the foot),(flexion of the big toe)

What is the result of the Babinski reflex experiments

• (positive- toes spread out and up and negative- toes flex downward) reflex

unequal distribution of receptors

punctate

absolute

actual ambient temperature

what ambient temperature feels like

relative

sensation eventually dissipates)

sensory adaptation

stimulate “phases out

phasic

stimulus is continual

tonic

Are there more hot or cold receptors in skin?

cold

3 tunics

• sclera, choroid and retina

Tunica fibrosa

sclera and cornea

Tunica vasculosa- choroid, ciliary body, iris

Tunica Interna

retina and optic nerve

anterior

located between the cornea and the iris

posterior

located between the iris and ciliary processes

aqueous humor

chambers and their fluids

What is the function of circular and radial muscles or the iris

Controls amount of light that enters the eye

ciliary bodies function

Controlling the lens

Pathway of light information from cornea to brain

•  Cornea->lens->retina->optic nerve->occipital (brain)