Assess and Remediation Final

define communication

the process of sharing information between two or more persons

purpose of communication

to request, to reject, to comment

define different phonological processes

final consonant deletion- – final consonant of word is deleted; “ca” for “cat”

reduplication-– first syllable in a word is repeater; “wa-wa” for “water”

neuron

he highly specialized cells that make up the nervous system and carry its sensory and motor information

dendrites

afferent extensions, meaning that they bring nerve impulses into the cell body

axon

efferent extensions, meaning that they take nerve impulses away from the cell body

Neurotransmitters

chemical agents that help to carry information across the synaptic cleft

Myelin

coating around neurons; loss of this can cause MS

describe the three dimensions of evidence based practice

scientific evidence, Clinical expertise, Client perspective

multicultralism

Used to describe a society in which people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic groups, age groups, geographic areas, and other variables come together to create a mosaic composed of individuals that form a rich whole

cultural competence

ability of service providers to recognize, honor, and respect the beliefs, interaction styles, and behaviors” of the individuals and families they serve

language

Describes the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas and thoughts

features of language

Universality, Species Specificity, Productivity, Rate of Acquisition

What are complex communication needs?

Exists when individuals cannot meet their daily communication needs through their current method(s) of communication

Formulations

Process of pulling together one’s thoughts or ideas before sharing them with another

Transmission

Process of conveying those ideas to another person, often by speaking but also by signing, gesturing, or writing

Reception

Process of receiving information from another person

Comprehension – process of making sense of that information

model of communication

Sender (formulation & transmission) and receiver (reception & comprehension) feedback is provided to continue the loop

Instrumental Communication

ask for something

Regulatory Communication

give directions and to direct others

Interactional Communication

interact and converse in a social way

Personal Communication

express a state of mind or feelings about something

Heuristic Communication

find out information and inquire

Imaginative Communication

tell stories and to role-play

Information Communication

provide an organized description of an event or object

Disorders

Significant difficulties in formulation, transmission, reception and/or comprehension.

Differences

When an individual’s communication pattern differs substantially from those of the person or persons with whom he or she is communicating.

ages of acquiring different competences

lexical - 12 months

grammatical- 2 years

phonological- 12 months

developmental phases of joint reference and attention

Phase one: Birth to 6 months – develop patterns of attending to their social partners

Phase two: 6 months to 1 year – learn to balance their attention between an object of interest and another person

Phase three: 1 year and beyond – children move to using language within communicative interactions with others.

At what age is the first true word acquired?

12 months

Phonological competence

The ability to recognize and produce the distinctive, meaningful sounds of a language or phonemes

Grammatical Competence

The ability to effectively recognize and produce the syntactic and morphological structures of a language

Lexical Competence

The ability to recognize and produce the conventional words that the speakers of a language use

Discourse Competence

The ability to relay information to others fluently and coherently.

Wernicke’s area

Developed in only one (typically left) hemisphere

Important for integration of sensory input

Decoding of language

Receptive language processing

Broca’s area

only in one hemisphere usually left

speech motor planning

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for:

judgment

Reasoning

Planning

inhiation and inhibition of voluntary action

intellectual functioning

personality

abstract thinking and long term memory

Temporal Lobe

Hearing center

Primary auditory area

Secondary auditory area

Interpretations of sounds

Meaning of the spoken words

Parietal lobe

sensory input

touch, pressure, position

Occipital Lobe

Sits at the rear of the cerebral cortex, in front of and above the cerebellum

Receives and processes visual information

Insular Lobe

Can’t be seen from surface

Important for speech motor control

deeply involved in planning motor act for speech

What makes up peripheral nervous system?

The 12 cranial nerves

the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

What is AAC?

multimodal, augmenting/supplementing current communication needs

Different types of AAC

Aided

• Electronic

• nonelectronic

Unaided

• No tech

• Low/light tech

What is a speech sound disorder?

An impairment of an individual’s sound system resulting in significant problem with speech-sound production that differs from age- and culturally-based expectations (dropping final sounds).

How are speech sound disorders classified?

Articulation impairment – inability to articulate certain speech sounds correctly

Phonological impairment – involves the rules that govern sound patterns in a given language

How are speech sound disorders identified and described?

SLPs use a systematic and comprehensive process of assessment to identify phonological disorders in children

What is a fluency disorder?

Speech with an unusually high rate of stoppage that disrupt the flow of communication and are inappropriate for the speaker’s age, culture, and linguistic background, including dialect

How are fluency disorders classified?

Developmental Fluency Disorders – emerges in early childhood and its cause is unknown

Developmental disorder of fluency or Developmental stuttering – when a child is between 2&5 years of age

Neurogenic stuttering

Psychogenic stuttering

Children will continue to have a fluency disorder 4 years following its onset

What are the defining characteristics of fluency disorders?

The most readily apparent characteristic of a fluency disorder is the disruption of speech with disfluencies, which for the intermediate and advanced stutterer include:

Primarily sound and work repetitions

Sound prolongations

Blocks

How are fluency disorders identified?

The identification of fluency disorders is complicated by the fact that nearly all persons are disfluent in their speech at least some of the time.

Calculation

Average number of disfluencies per 100 words

Average number of disfluencies per 100 syllables

What is a voice disorder?

Individuals whose pitch, loudness, and phonatory quality differs significantly from that of persons of a similar age, gender, cultural background, and racial or ethnic group

What are the defining characteristics of voice disorders?

A voice disorder affects one or more of the

following perceptual characteristics of

voice:

-Resonance

-Pitch and Loudness

-Phonatory Quality

How are voice disorders assessed?

Case History and Interview

Oral-Motor Examination

Clinical Observation

Instrumental Observation

What is a motor speech disorder?

An impairment of speech production caused by defects of the neuromuscular system, the motor control system, or both.

How are motor speech disorders classified?

etiology, manifestation, severity

What are the defining characteristics of prevalent motor speech disorders?

Acquired Apraxia of Speech (AOS)

Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)

Primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS)

Acquired Dysarthria

Developmental Dysarthria

How are motor speech disorders assessed?

Assessments should include motor control tasks that involve speech and non-speech movements.

Respiration

Phonation

Resonation

Articulation

Prosody

What are the causes of pediatric hearing loss?

malformation of the outer and middle ear

Underdeveloped or missing ossicles

Wax build up

Otitis media

Define auditory processing disorder

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the processing centers of the brain

conductive hearing loss

When sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer or middle ear, the result is an attenuating, or reduction, of the sound heard

sensorineural hearing loss

Most common type of hearing loss

Results from damage to the cochlea or the auditory nerve that travels from the cochlea to the brain

What are feeding and swallowing disorders?

Neurogenic causes

Stroke, degenerative diseases (Parkinson’s, ALS, Multiple Sclerosis)

Tumor growth in oral or pharyngeal cavity

Deformation (oro-facial restoration surgery post trauma)

What are the stages of swallowing?

Oral transport phase

pharyngeal transport phase

Esophageal transport phase

Name the instruments used to assess swallowing disorders.

Bedside swallowing evaluation

Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)

Modified Barium Swallow Study (MBS)

Define motor speech disorders

An impairment of speech production caused by

defects of the neuromuscular system, the motor

control system, or both

motor planning

Refers to the process that defines and sequence articulatory goals prior to their occurrence

motor programming

Refers to the process responsible for establishing and preparing the flow of motor information across muscles for speech production and specifying the timing and force required for the movements

motor execution

Refers to the processes responsible for activating relevant muscles during the movements used in speech production

Describe examples of nonspeech motor tasks that might be used in oral-motor assessment

-Measurement methods

- Referral

- Screening

-Comprehensive motor speech evaluation

-Diagnosis

Define apraxia of speech.

planning and programming for motor speech production; motor speech disorder

Explain what kind of hearing loss can result when each of the structures of the ear is damaged (outer ear, middle ear, cochlea, auditory nerve).

outer ear- conductive

middle ear- conductive/mixed

cochlea- sensorineural

auditory nerve- sensorineural

How are voice disorders classfied?

organic psychogenic neurogenic- abusive behaviors

Why are penetration and aspiration such serious feeding and swallowing issues?

List and explain at least three of the four purposes of assessment