A&P sem 2 quizzzes

muscles only…

pull (never push)

agonist

Provide the major force for producing a particular movement

antagonist

oppose or reverse a particular movement

synergist

add force to a particular movement

fixator

immobilize a bone or muscle origin to reduce undesirable movement

load

refers to a mass moved by effort

nodding yes

demonstrates a first-class lever with effort from the posterior neck muscles

isometric muscle contractions

contraction without muscle shortening

eccentric muscle contrations

involve muscle lengthening

speech primarily involves what mandible movements?

elevation and depression

the “goal of any speech activity is to produce a certain amount of:

alveolar pressure

chest wall system

• rib cage

• disphgram

• abdomen

component of the chest-wall system helps create pressure for coughing, screaming, and vomiting.

abdominal wall

"pleural linkage" are the result of tension between a "spring" that wants to get smaller and a "spring" that wants to get bigger. Which structure "wants to get smaller"

lungs

alveolar pressure

pressure inside the lungs

pleural pressure

pressure inside thorax, outside of lungs

abdominal pressure

pressure inside the abdominal cavity

transdiaphragmatic pressure

pressure difference across the diaphragm

when we contract muscles of the rib cage we are directly controlling….

pleural pressure

what active forces does the diaphragm produce

inspiratory

what passive forces does the abdominal wall produce

inspiratory and expiratory

active contraction of any abdominal meddles always represents

expiratory support

what passive forces does the rib cage produce

inspiratory and expiratory

Contracting the abdominal muscles to stretch the diaphragm headward increases …

potential passive and active inspiratory forces from the diaphgram.

would oral pressure (inside the mouth) would be the same as alveolar pressure if the lips are closed and the vocal folds are open

yes

tidal volume

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of vegetative breathing

Compared to tidal breathing, speech breathing results in:

• increased dominance of exhalation in the inhalator and exhalatory ratio

• increased avg size and variability of air volumes

• increased active muscle use

residual volume

The volume of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled from the lungs

residual volume

the volume of air that is not part of the vital capacity

What proportion of your vital capacity to you use during tidal breathing

10%

What proportion of your vital capacity to you use during speech breathing?

25%

During tidal breathing, we typically spend what proportion of time exhaling?

60%

During speech breathing, we typically spend what proportion of time exhaling?

90%

In what context is “inspiratory braking” most likely to be required?

near the beginning of a sustained “ah” breath cycle

Which inspiratory muscle accounts for inspiratory braking during an extended steady utterance in the upright position?

diaphragm

During an extended steady utterance, the diaphragm is mostly just active…

at the beginning of the utterance

During an extended steady utterance, the inspiratory muscles of the rib cage wall effectively …

"brake" (slow) expiration during the first half of the utterance. 

Are the abdominal muscles only active during the last portion of an extended steady utterance

they are not only active during the last portion

The diaphragm doesn't have to contract for the duration of an extended steady utterance in the upright position because …

gravity is pulling down on it. 

what do the abdominal muscles do during an extended steady utterance in the upright postion. 

help enhance control and precision

what is running speech

• reading aloud

• extemporaneous speaking

• conversational speaking

what respiratory volumes are used in running speech

• in the midrange

what volume is inhaled during conversational speech

twice the tidal volume

what level is an utterance ended at during conversational speech

resting level

increasing loudness is associate with..

increased volume

mechanically tuned breathing system refers to a postural change in the chest wall whereby:

• abdominal in

• diaphragm up

• rib cage out

when we stretch a muscle it gets:

• faster and stronger

stretching the diaphragm upward makes inspiration:

• quicker and more powerful

Which rib cage wall muscles are stretched when we "stick out" our ribcage?

expiratory muscles

When we change from upright to supine position, which aspect of speech breathing requires more effort?

inspiration

Which component of the chest wall system accounts for inspiratory braking during an extended steady utterance in the supine position?

diaphragm

When we move from upright to supine position, the required pressures in the lungs for speech:

stay the same

As we change our "mechanical tuning" posture for running speech when we move from upright to supine, the abdominal wall shifts from

inward to outward

The primary muscle of inspiration during running speech in both the upright and supine position is:

the diaphragm

what do we tend to do when we speak

hyperventilate

We take WHAT breaths before longer utterances

deeper

When cognitive-linguistic demands are high we tend …

to hold our breath during pauses

are children less variable in their speech breathing patterns

they are not

what is a primary source of "passive forces" in the laryngeal apparatus

recoil of tissues

Active forces in the laryngeal apparatus come from the contraction of …

intrinsic, extrinsic, and supplemental muscles of the larynx. 

The net active and passive laryngeal forces will ….

determine the position of the vocal folds at any point in time. 

During sustained phonation, there are multiple influences of subglottal and supraglottal forces that include:

• mechainical

• acoustic

• aerodynamic

The "laryngeal control variables" can account for which behavior(s)?

• speaking

• caughing

• weight lifting

what is the primary component to "laryngeal opposing pressure

the compressive muscular pressure at the vocal folds

gravity does …. influence laryngeal opposing pressure

NOT

"Laryngeal airway resistance" is ….

basically the opposition to airflow through the larynx. 

how can laryngeal are resistance be calculate

using measures or air pressure and airflow

the glottal size and configuration can be

more than just full abduction or adduction

stiffness

how much the vocal folds move for a given force applied to them

increasing the longitudinal tension of the vocal folds …. the stiffness

increases

The effective WHAT of the vocal folds differ if the interarytenoid muscles do not contract when the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are contracted. 

effective length and total length

adductors

• Lateral cricoarytenoids

• interarytenoids

abductor

• posterior ciricoarytenoid

tensor/pitch changer

• cirocthyroid muscle

relaxor or body of vocal folds

• thyroarytenoid muscle

What type of vocal utterance has been studied the most extensively

sustained voiced utterances

vocal fold oscillation is caused by interactions among which forces

• aerodynamic

• mechanical

• damping

Which portion of the glottal waveform allows air to flow through the glottis?

open phase

The "open quotient" is the time the vocal folds are "open" divided by ...

The total duration of a glottal cycle

The "skewing quotient" uses durational measures from which phase of the glottal cycle?

the open phase

the shape of BLANK influences the quality of the voice that is heard

glottal waveform

basically measures of cycle-to-cycle variability in frequency and amplitude in the glottal waveform

Jitter and Shimmer

A “two mass model” of the vocal folds means that

• the top and bottom of the fold are represented

The layers of tissue in the vocal folds are

distinguishable

When the vocal folds oscillate during phonation, the tops and bottoms of the folds

open and close and different times

Bernoulli forces BLANK account for energy loss “damping during vocal fold oscillation

do not completely

supraglottic air column

refers to the space in the vocal tract above the vocal folds.

The supraglottic air column only assists with vocal fold opening during the

vocal fold oscillatory cycle

the aerodynamic effects of the vertical phase difference ("flow separation theory") only apply during the….

open phase" of the glottal cycle. 

Bernoulli forces help close the vocal folds when

elastic recoil forces are becoming minimal.

The supraglottic air column helps encourage the vocal folds to switch between

he open phase and closed phase of the glottal cycle

The vertical phase difference causes cycles of flow convergence and divergence the encourage…

• the transition from opening to closing (during the open phase)

• Bernoulli forces to help close the vocal folds at the end of the open phase.

The phonation threshold pressure required will be BLANK for higher pitches than for the middle of someone's pitch range.

increased

It has been hypothesized that a voice that is tired is associated with….

a higher phonation threshold pressure

Vocal folds tissues that are well hydrated will begin to vibrate with less air pressure than would be required for drier tissue, requiring….

a lower phonation threshold pressure

palatal levator

raises the velum

palatal tensor

increases tension in soft palate

uvulus

shortens and raises the velum

glossopalatine(palatoglossus)

depressses velum and elevtes the tongue

pharyngopalatine

narrows pharyngeal cavity