Science Yearly Notes

What is the smallest unit of an element?

Atom

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the __________.

Atomic Number

____________ are variants of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons.

Isotopes

The process in which unstable nuclei release energy is called __________.

Radioactive decay

Nuclear __________ involves power generation through the splitting of heavy atoms.

Fission

Heredity is the process of passing on __________ traits to offspring via genes.

Parental

During __________, two genetically identical daughter cells are produced.

Mitosis

What structure describes DNA as a double helix comprised of two strands?

Watson-Crick model

A __________ is a segment of DNA on chromosomes that influences traits.

Gene

What do we call random alterations in the DNA sequence?

Mutations

In chemical reactions, substances that interact are called __________.

Reactants

Cations are formed when atoms __________ electrons.

Lose

An __________ is a negatively charged ion created by gaining electrons.

Anion

An endothermic reaction __________ energy from the surroundings.

Absorbs

What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

The periodic table organizes elements by increasing __________ number.

Atomic

Elements in the same group have similar __________ properties.

Chemical

The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called __________.

Periods

What is a chemical reaction that produces heat and light?

Combustion Reaction

The second of Newton's laws is summarized by which equation?

F = ma

Friction opposes the __________ of objects in contact.

Motion

What is the measure of the quantity of matter in an object?

Mass

The preserved remains or imprints of ancient organisms are known as __________.

Fossils

Darwin’s Theory of __________ suggests that advantageous traits increase survival rates.

Natural Selection

Genetic recombination during sexual reproduction leads to __________ within species.

Variations

Lamarck proposed that organisms evolve by __________ traits acquired during their lifetimes.

Acquiring

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory is contrasted by which scientist's theory?

Charles Darwin

What is the gravitational force acting on an object?

Weight

The dense core of an atom is called the __________.

Nucleus

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus is called the __________ number.

Mass

Electrons are held in their shells by __________ attraction to protons.

Electrostatic

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and __________.

Electrons

Alpha decay is a type of __________ decay.

Radioactive

In meiosis, the chromosome number is __________ by half.

Reduced

The principle by which atoms rearrange during chemical reactions is called __________.

Chemical Bonding

The specific pairing of complementary bases in DNA is crucial for __________.

Replication

What type of reaction involves an acid and a base?

Acid-Base Reaction

Elements with the same number of valence electrons behave __________.

Similarly

The atomic radius typically __________ across a period from left to right.

Decreases

The reactivity of alkali metals is __________ with water.

High

What is the main function of biotechnology?

Practical applications using living organisms.

Stable isotopes do not undergo __________ decay.

Radioactive

Mitosis is essential for __________ repair.

Tissue

Carbon-14 is an example of a __________ used in medicine.

Radioisotope

The results of __________ selections lead to evolutionary change.

Natural

The presence of fossils in layers of rock helps to date the __________.

Earth's history

Gravity's effect on weight varies with __________ strength.

Gravitational

Electronegativities generally __________ across a period.

Increase

Newton's Third Law states that every action has an __________ reaction.

Equal and opposite

The massive nucleus of an atom contains __________ and neutrons.

Protons

Eukaryotic cells undergo __________ for reproduction.

Meiosis

Weight is calculated as mass times __________.

Gravitational pull

Bacteria are often used in __________ to enhance crop yields.

Biotechnology

The process of gene therapy is an example of biotechnology's __________ impact.

Medical

The double helix of DNA is held together by __________ bonds between bases.

Hydrogen

The significant contributors to the development of the periodic table include Dmitri __________.

Mendeleev

____________ are characterized by a unique combination of alleles.

Traits

The Law of Superposition is a principle used for dating __________.

Fossils

In chemical reactions, products have __________ properties than reactants.

Distinct

What type of reaction can release energy as heat?

Exothermic Reaction

The study of the natural environment includes understanding __________ interactions.

Ecological

Static friction is generally __________ than kinetic friction.

Higher

In the periodic table, groups represent elements with similar __________ properties.

Chemical

What is the difference between mass and weight primarily related to?

Gravity

Cancer treatments may utilize __________ in their methodology.

Radioisotopes

The DNA replication process ensures that daughter cells receive an __________ set of chromosomes.

Identical

How do mutations affect the basis of heredity and variation?

They create genetic diversity.

The creation of genetically modified organisms is a part of __________.

Biotechnology

What is released during alpha decay?

Helium nuclei

Chemical bond formation involves __________ or sharing of electrons.

Transferring

Acids typically have a __________ taste and turn blue litmus paper red.

Sour

The period in which an atom's properties are similar is determined by the number of __________ shells.

Electron

Darwin's Theory emphasizes __________ as the main mechanism for change among species.

Natural Selection

Radioactivity can occur through processes like __________ and gamma emission.

Alpha decay

__________ traits require both copies to be expressed in an organism.

Recessive

Genetic variety arises from __________ during reproduction.

Recombination

The major source of energy in nuclear reactors comes from __________ reactions.

Fission