Unit 3 AOS 2

chapters 3 and 4

Snoking and cardiovascular disease effect on the body

1)Smoking speeds up the process of atherosclerosis (build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls). This makes it hard for blood to circulate around the body, which means it is difficult for blood to reach the heart.

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2) Therefore, this increases the mortality associated with heart attacks.

Smoking and stroke effect on the body

1) Smoking contains tobacco smoke, which reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, increasing blood pressure and heart rate.
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2) This increases the YLL associated with stroke.

Smoking and infectious diseases effect on the body

1) Smoking exposes the body to tobacco, which can lower immune system function and increase the risk of contracting infectious diseases.
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2) Therefore, it increases the incidence of pneumonia.

Alcoholism vs binge drinking

Alcoholism refers to having a constant desire to drink, leading to chronic conditions, in contrast, binge drinking refers to having 4+ drinks in one sitting, occassionally leading to short term conditions.

Alcohol and overwight and obesity effect on the body

1) Alcohol contains kilojoules, which if not used for energy, will be stored as adipose (fat) tissue.
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2) Therefore, this contributes to DALY associated with obesity.

Alchohol and cancer effect on the body

1) When alcohol is metabolised, a chemical is created that can damage DNA.

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2) This can lead to the growth of cancerous tumours, lowering life expectancy.

Alcohol and injuries effect on the body

1) Alcohol can cause impairments in judgment and motor control. As a result, the risk of falls and road traffic injuries increases.

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2) This contributes to DALY from premature death and disability.

Define overweight and obesity

Relates to carrying excess body weight that negatively impacts health and wellbeing.

Overweight/obesity and cardiovascular disease effect on the body

1) Overweight/obesity places greater strain on the heart, which increases the risk of high blood pressure.

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2) This leads to mortality associated with heart attacks.

Overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes effect on the body

1) Overweight/obesity causes fat cells to release a type of fatty acid into the bloodstream, which leads to insulin resistance.

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2) Therefore, increasing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.

Overweight/obesity and osteoarthiritis effect on the body

1) Overweight/obesity places more pressure on the joints and can contribute to cartilage being worn down.

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2) Therefore, this increases morbidity from osteoarthritis.

What is fibre?

Fibre is a type of carbohydrate found in all foods of plant origin; it is absorbed by the body. It travels through the digestive system, keeping the track clean whilst adding bulk to faeces.

Soluable vs insoluable fibre

Soluable fibre absorbs water, including fruits and vegetables, and insoluable fibre does not absorb moisture, including nuts and seeds.

What are fruits and vegetables?

Fruits and vegetables are nutrient dense, high in minerals, vitmains, fibre and antioxidants but low in kilojoules. They can reduce the incidence of conditions such as cancer, CVD, and neural tube defects.

What are dairy foods?

Dairy foods relate to animal milk and products created from animal milk, including cheese and yoghurt.

Fibre and colorectal cancer effect on the body

1) Fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of abnormal cells developing, especially in the colon and rectum.

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2) Therefore, a low intake increases the DALY associated with colorectal cancer.

Fibre and overweight and obesity effect on the body

1) Soluble fibre forms a gel-like substance when it absorbs water, which slows digestion and delays the absorption of glucose by the body.

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2) Therefore, a low intake increases YLD towards type 2 diabetes

Fruit and vegetables and CVD and cancer effect on the body

1) Fruit and vegetables are also a source of antioxidants, which work to reduce the impact of free radicals in the body. These free radicals can damage healthy body cells.

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2) Therefore, a low intake can increase the prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

Fruit and vegetables and overweight and obesity effect on the body

1) Consuming fruit and vegetables instead of energy-dense foods can assist with weight management and reduce the risk of overweight/obesity.

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2)Therefore, a low intake can lead to an increase in the prevalence towards obesity.

Dairy foods and osteoporosis effect on the body

1) Dairy foods contain calcium, a mineral essential for strengthening the bones and preventing osteoporosis.

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2) Therefore, a low intake can lead to an increase in morbidity associated with osteoporosis.

Dairy foods and dental caries effect on the body

1) Dairy foods contain calcium, which plays a significant role in the hardening of the tooth enamel.

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2) Therefore, an underconsumption can increase the YLD associated with dental caries.

4 types of fat

Monounsaturated fats - healthy
Polyunsaturated fats - healthy

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Trans fats - unhealthy
Saturated fats - unhealthy

HDL vs LDL

HDL (High-density lipoprotein) - Good cholesterol
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LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) - Bad cholesterol

Fat and overweight and obesity effect on the body

1) Fats can act as a fuel source for energy, but when consumed in excess (and not used for energy), they can contribute to weight gain.

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2) Therefore, a high intake increases the morbidity associated with obesity.

Fat and cardiovascular disease effect on the body

1) Saturated and trans fats cause an increase in LDL cholesterol levels in the blood and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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2) A high intake, therefore, increases the YLD associated with cardiovascular disease.

Salt and high blood pressure effect on the body

1) High levels of sodium can draw fluid from the cells into the bloodstream. This increases the amount of blood in the blood vessels, straining the heart.

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2) Therefore, a high intake increases the YLD associated with high blood pressure.

Salt and osteoporosis effect on the body

1) When excess sodium is filtered through the kidneys, calcium is often removed and excreted in urine as well, leading to the demineralisation of the bones.

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2) Therefore, a high intake increases the prevalence of osteoporosis.

Sugar and overweight and obesity effect on the body

1) Sugars are used for fuel for energy production, but if consumed in excess, they are stored as adipose (fat) tissue.

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2) Therefore, a high intake increases morbidity associated with obesity.

Sugar and dental caries effect on the body

1) Sugars provide a food source for bacteria in the mouth. These bacteria produce acids that lead to the decay of tooth enamel and the development of dental caries.

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2) Therefore, a high intake increases morbidity associated with periodontitis.

Define biological factors

Factors relating to the body that impact health and wellbeing, such as genetics and body weight.

Biological: body weight explanation

1) Excess body weight puts strain on the heart, increasing blood pressure.

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2) Therefore, a high body weight increases the incidence of heart attack and stroke.
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2) This means that the body and systems will not function effectively (physical).

Biological: genetics (sex and hormones) explanation

1) Sex - Certain conditions are exclusive/more common to males or females due to biological differences between sexes.

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1) Hormones - Regulate body processes in the body, control health outcomes and are responsible for the formation of sex characteristics.

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2) Women have more breast tissue → higher prevalence of breast cancer than men

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2) Males have higher levels of testosterone, higher risk-taking behaviours → increased morbidity associated with accidental injuries
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2) Thought patterns have a genetic component and can contribute to positive or negative thought patterns (mental).

Biological: blood pressure explanation

1) High blood pressure means that the blood does not flow through the blood vessels as easily as it does for someone with normal blood pressure.

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2) This means that the heart is working harder to move blood around the body, and this can increase the mortality associated with heart attacks.

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2) So, unmanaged high blood pressure can affect energy levels (physical) due to symptoms such as headaches.

Define sociocultrual factors

Relate to the social and cultrual conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.

Sociocultrual: socioeconomic status explanation

1) Refers to a person’s position in society relative to other people based on three factors: income, occupation and education.

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2) Those who are less educated arae more likely to be health illiterate and participate in unhealthy behaviours like smoking, increasing the prevalence of respiratory disease.

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2) Shift work can interfere with sleep patterns and can contribute to lower levels of energy (physical).

Sociocultrual: social isolation and loneliness explanation

1) Social isolation refers to not being in regular contact with others.
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1) Social loneliness is a subjective concept that relates to negative feelings that people often experience when they have less social contact than they would like.

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2) Social isolation can increase the risk of developing mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. This can contribute to an increase in the incidence of these conditions.

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2) Loneliness can contribute to having sleeping problems and emotional distress. This can lead to an inability to complete daily tasks (physical).

Sociocultrual: Food security explanation

1) The quality, availability, and affordability of the food supply affect what people eat. A shortage of such food can lead to deficiency disease, whilst food plenty can lead to people eating too much, leading to type 2 diabetes.

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2) Transporting fresh food to remote areas adds high costs, particularly for fresh foods. This can increase consumption of more processed food items such as packaged foods, contributing to a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes.

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2) Immune function may be impaired if the diet lacks essential nutrients such as vitamin C and iron. This increases the risk of disease (physical).

Sociocultrual: Access to healthcare explanation

1) Healthcare in Australia involves doctors, nurses and other health professionals. Cultural, financial and other sociocultural factors can act as barriers to accessing these services.

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2) Refugees are less likely to access healthcare services due to barriers in relation to health literacy, language, culture, and income. Contributing to higher mortality rates of common diseases.

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2) A lack of access to healthcare could mean injuries may not be treated, increasing levels of pain and illness (physical).

Sociocultrual: Commercial factors explanation

1) Commercial factors relate to the impact the provate sector (non-gov entities) has on consumption patterns of individuals and groups. Examples include, packaging/labelling, marketing strategies and the use of media.

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2) Increased consumption of products such as alcohol and energy-dense foods that are promoted through intriguing packaging can increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.

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2) Online marketing can encourage unhealthy behaviours like consuming energy-dense foods. This increases the risk of obesity and impacts an individuals ability to complete daily tasks (physical).

Define enviornmental factors

The physical surrounding in which we live, work and play.

Enviornmental: housing explanation

1) Where someone lives and spends most of their time.
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2) If someone lives in inadequate housing, they may not have access to clean water and sanitation. This can increase the risk of infectious diseases and could contribute to the prevalence of cholera.

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2) If someone lives in a house with poor security, this could promote fear and increase levels of stress and anxiety (mental).

Enviornmental: work enviornment explanation

1) The physical environment of the workspace
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2) If someone works outdoors for a prolonged period of time, they are more exposed to UV radiation. This can increase the mortality of skin cancer among these workers

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2) A work environment that contains hazards can cause employees excessive worry about sustaining an injury, which may lead to increased levels of stress and anxiety (mental).

Enviornmental: geographical location and infrastructure explanation

1) Ability to access goods and services required to promote health outcomes.

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2) Being close to supermarkets, shops and hospitals, and having the means to reach these resources can decrease morbidity associated with malnutrition as people can access adequate healthcare and food.

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2) If a specialist or hospitalisation is required, family members often have to take time off work to transport those who are ill to these services. This adds to additional costs, increasing levels of stress and anxiety (mental).

Enviornmental: climate and climate change explanation

1) Climate change relates to the long-term weather patterns of a particular area and includes rainfall, temperature, snow, wind, or any other weather conditions.

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2) Smoke generated by bushfires can spread hundreds of kilometres from the site of the fire, increasing the morbidity of respiratory disease‎.

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2) Extreme weather events such as droughts or floods can disrupt the formalities of daily life, hindering individuals from working towards their purpose in life (spiritual).

List all biological factors (6)

• Body weight

• Blood pressure

• Blood cholesterol

• Glucose regulation

• Birth weight

• Genetics (sex and hormones)

List all sociocultrual factors (9)

• Socio-economic status

• Employment status

• Social networks and social exlcusion

• Social isolation and loneliness

• Cultrual background

• Food security

• Early life experiences

• Access to healthcare

• Commercial factors

List all enviornmental factors (4)

• Housing

• Work enviornment

• Geographic location and infrastructure

• Climate and climate change