Protists, Fungi, and Viruses Lecture Review

Comprehensive flashcards covering the major groups of Protists, Protozoans, Algae, Fungi, Viruses, and the classification of Kingdom Plantae based on lecture notes.

What are the primary characteristics and common habitats of protists?

Protists are single-celled eukaryotic organisms mainly found in aquatic environments such as ponds, streams, oceans, and damp soil.

How do amoeboid protozoans move and capture food?

They move using pseudopodia (false feet) and change shape to engulf food; a common example is Amoeba.

Which diseases are caused by the flagellated protozoans Trypanosoma brucei and Giardia?

Trypanosoma brucei causes sleeping sickness, and Giardia causes diarrhoea.

What are the characteristics of ciliated protozoans?

They are always aquatic and move using hair-like structures called cilia; examples include Paramecium and Vorticella.

What is a defining characteristic of sporozoans, and what major disease do they cause?

Sporozoans are non-motile, parasitic, and form spores. Plasmodium is a sporozoan that causes malaria.

What is a cytostome in protozoans?

A specialized structure used to ingest food.

List the examples of irregular, longitudinal, and transverse binary fission in protozoans.

Irregular binary fission occurs in Amoeba, longitudinal in Euglena, and transverse in Paramecium.

Describe the stages of the Plasmodium life cycle that occur within the human body.

Sporozoites injected by mosquitoes enter liver cells, form schizonts, produce merozoites, rupture the liver cells to enter the blood, infect red blood cells, and some form gametocytes.

Describe the stages of the Plasmodium life cycle that occur within a mosquito.

Gametocytes fuse to form a zygote, then develop into ookinetes, then oocysts, which produce sporozoites that move to the salivary glands.

What pigments are found in Red Algae (Rhodophyta) and Green Algae (Chlorophyta)?

Red Algae contain phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, while Green Algae contain chlorophyll a and b.

What are the four structural parts of Kelp (Brown Algae)?

The blade (photosynthesis), stipe (support), holdfast (anchorage), and bladder (buoyancy).

What are the unique characteristics of Diatoms regarding their cell walls and food storage?

Diatoms have cell walls made of silica and store food as oil.

What are the primary components of a fungal cell wall and the three forms fungi can take?

Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. Fungi can take the forms of yeast, mould, or yeast-like structures.

Define the fungal structures Thallus, Hyphae, and Mycelium.

Thallus is the body of the fungus, hyphae are filamentous structures, and mycelium is a network of hyphae.

What is the difference between septate and coenocytic hyphae?

Septate hyphae have cross-walls called septa, while coenocytic hyphae have no septa.

Which fungal group is known for forming mycorrhizae with plant roots?

Glomeromycetes.

What defines a lichen, and what are the terms for its components?

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (mycobiont) and algae or cyanobacteria (photobiont).

List the seven types of lichens categorized by their physical description.

Crustose (crust-like), Foliose (leaf-like), Fruticose (bushy), Gelatinous (jelly-like), Squamulose (scale-like), and Umbilicate (attached at one point).

Identify the fungal diseases associated with potatoes and wheat.

Late blight is associated with potatoes, and rust is associated with wheat.

How does the flow of genetic information differ between normal cells and retroviruses?

In normal cells, the flow is $\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$. In retroviruses, it is $\text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$ using reverse transcription.

What features distinguish Kingdom Plantae from green algae?

Plants have a cuticle and stomata, multicellular gametangia, and a protected embryo.

Name the three phyla of non-vascular plants (Bryophytes).

Bryophyta (mosses), Hepatophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerophyta (hornworts).

Identify the four phyla of seedless vascular plants.

Psilotophyta (whisk ferns), Lycophyta (club mosses), Sphenophyta (horsetails), and Pterophyta (ferns).

Compare the dominant life cycle stage and root types of non-vascular versus vascular plants.

Non-vascular plants are gametophyte dominant and have rhizoids, while vascular plants are sporophyte dominant and have true roots.