3.3 - Alkenes + Alcohols

What is an Electrophile?

Electron pair acceptor (+ve)

What is a Nucleophile?

Electron pair donor (-ve)

How do you make a Haloalkane from an alkene?

React alkene with hydrogen halide
- Dihaloalkane if a halogen molecule instead of hydrogen halide

How do you make an Alcohol from an alkene?

React alkene with Cold conc Sulfuric acid, then heat with water

How is an alcohol made from an alkene?

• Conditions (2)

• Reagents (2)

• Reagents = alkene + steam

• Conditions = Heat + H3PO4 (catalyst)

What is the industrial method of Alkene → Alcohol production?

• Conditions (2)

• Reagents (1)

Alkene + Steam → Alcohol:

• Conditions = 300^o + Acid catalyst (sulfuric acid)

• Water (heated)

How can Ethanol be produced naturally?

• General equation (specific)

• Conditions (3)

Fermentation of glucose:

• C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

• Conditions = 30^o, Yeast, Anaerobic conditions

Define Biofuel?

• 2 adv

• 2 disadv

Organic or previously living organic matter combusted as fuel:

• Adv= Matter is plant life so absorbs CO₂, Renewable resource

• Disadv = Transport + combustion emits more fossil fuels than plants absorb, waste is put in landfill

What are the 3 degrees of Alcohols:

• What they form upon oxidation (+ further oxidation)

• Oxidising agent used commonly

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary:

• Primary → Aldehyde → C.Acid (reflux aka further oxidation)

• Secondary → Ketone

• Tertiary → N/A

Define reflux

Continuous heating, evaporation + condensation of a solution to completely react/oxidise it

Why dont Tertiary Alcohols oxidise?

The carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl (-OH) group has no hydrogen atom to dissociate and oxidise from