Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering anatomy, physiology, and biological systems based on lecture notes.

Pharynx

A structure found in the upper respiratory system.

Ulnar Nerve

Nerve that, when damaged, results in decreased sensation in the arm and an inability to adduct arms and fingers.

Hyoid

The bone that dose not articulate with any other bone.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the blood.

Bone Storage

The skeletal system acts as a storage place for calcium and phosphorous.

Urethra

An organ that is part of both the male reproductive system and the urinary system.

Ligaments

Fibrous structures that provide a connection from bone to bone; tears in these structures are known as aspirin (sprains).

Ureter

The structure that conducts urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Lactic acid

The molecule responsible for the burning sensation caused by anaerobic respiration.

Osteoclasts

Cells stimulated to resorb bone matrix in response to a decrease in calcium in the blood as part of a negative feedback system.

Evaporation

The process by which sweat on the skin's surface cools the body.

Anatomical Position

A person standing erect with feet forward and the palms of the hand facing anterior.

Shoulder

An example of a ball and socket joint.

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

The three bones located within the ear (skull) that are concerned with hearing.

Tissue

A group of like cells working together.

Popliteal Artery

The pulse point located behind the knee.

Ceruminous Glands

Glands that secrete ear wax (cerumen).

Hinge Joint

The type of synovial joint represented by the elbow.

Sympathetic Nervous System

System that, when stimulated, increases cardiac output, raises blood pressure, and causes goose bumps.

Oral cavity

The location where digestion begins in the digestive system.

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

The structure that regulates the transport of substances in and out of a cell.

Mediastinum

A region located within the thoracic cavity.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter involved with mood, anxiety, sleep, and appetite.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that causes water to be reabsorbed from the urinary filtrate in the collecting tubules.

Thrombocytes

Also known as platelets, these play a vital role in blood clotting.

Vastus Lateralis

A muscle of the quadriceps femoris group that lies on the side surface of the lower extremity and helps stabilize the knee.

Hemoglobin

A protein in the blood responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells.

Pituitary Gland

Commonly known as the "Master Gland."

Eccrine Gland

An epidermal derivative involved in temperature homeostasis that produces thin, watery secretions.

Aqueous Humor

The watery fluid found in the eye.

Pulmonary Vein

The vessel through which blood returns to the heart from the lungs.

Temporal Lobe

The part of the brain involved in auditory functioning.

Cochlea

The internal structure of the ear concerned with hearing.

Fallopian Tubes (Oviduct)

The anatomical structure where fertilization of an ovum occurs.

Tubialis Anterior

A muscle located in the lower leg.

Mitral Valve

The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Olfactory Nerves

Nerves associated with the sense of smell.

Vena Cava

The vessel that carries blood from the body back to the heart.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left sides.

Peripheral (PNS) and Central (CNS)

The two principal divisions that make up the nervous system.

Epiphysis

The term used to describe the distal region of a bone, such as the humerus.

Medulla Oblongata

The part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord and is responsible for normal respiratory function.

Abduction

Movement of the arms and legs away from the midline of the body.

Carotid Artery

The structure in the neck that provides a pulse reading.

Oxytocin (OT)

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.

Chemoreceptors

Receptors stimulated to function by a rise in $CO_2$ or a fall in $O_2$.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that functions to process protein secretion and synthesize carbohydrates and glycoproteins.

Pancreas

The organ responsible for producing insulin.

Median Cubital

The blood vessel used to obtain blood from the antecubital region.

Alkalosis

A blood pH change resulting from an increase in the rate and depth of breath.

Hypothalamus

Brain structure that regulates body balance, thermoregulation, and overall body function.

Carbohydrates

Nutrients that contain $4$ calories per gram.

Osmosis

The process where water molecules move across a cell membrane from high to low concentration.

Potassium

High levels of this ion would most likely result in cardiac arrest.

Renal Vein

The blood vessel that prefuses (drains) the kidney.

Thyroid Gland

The gland located on the anterior surface of the trachea.

Phagocytosis

A process in white blood cells contributed to by macrophages and neutrophils.

Retina

The structure of the eye that picks out color.

Epidermis

The outermost protective layer of the skin, consisting of layers from outer to inner: corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.

Small Intestine

The primary location in the body where nutrients are absorbed.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Organelle that functions to synthesize protein.

Chyme

A soupy substance formed from a bolus as a result of action by the stomach.

Oocytes

Female reproductive cells produced by the ovaries.

Cilia

Cellular structures that help move debris and mucous through the lining of tubules.

Gallbladder

A hollow organ that is part of the digestive system.

Red Bone Marrow

The structure that produces B-lymphocytes.

Thymus

The structure that produces T-lymphocytes.

Calcaneus

Bone located in the foot.

Corpus Luteum

Structure that produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

Friction Ridges

The structures that make up fingerprints.

Extensor

A type of muscle that increases the angle at a joint.

Levels of Organization

Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

Intramembranous Ossification

The process by which flat bones of the face and cranial bones are formed first.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The most obvious form of skin cancer.

Active Transport

Movement that requires energy and work from the cell.

Passive Transport

Movement that does not require energy, such as diffusion and osmosis.

Synovial Joints

Highly moveable joints including hinge, pivot, and saddle types.

Eustachian Tube

Structure that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear.

Sebaceous Gland

Gland that secretes oil.

Manubrium

The top portion of the sternum.

Mitosis

The process of cell division occurring in five stages before pinching into two daughter cells via cytokinesis.

Meiosis

The process to make haploid gametes and the production of germ cells.

Photosynthesis

Process using sunlight to synthesize foods from $CO_2$ and water, generating oxygen as a byproduct.

Diploid

Cells containing $46$ chromosomes.

Haploid

Cells containing $23$ chromosomes.

Efferent

Nerve transmission directed away from the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Afferent

Nerve transmission directed toward the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Gamete

A mature haploid male or female germ cell able to unite with another of the opposite sex to form a zygote.

Capillaries

Vessels that exchange nutrients, oxygen, and waste with the body.

External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.

Bicarbonate Ions

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is converted into these by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells.

Connective Tissue

The most abundant tissue that serves as the framework of the body and provides support for organs.