Practical 2 Full Flashcards

Tidal volume (TV)

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled on a normal breath

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

the additional air that can be forcefully inhaled past a normal tidal volume inspiration

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

the additional air that can be forcefully exhaled past a normal tidal volume expiration

Reserve/residual volume (RV)

the volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximal exhalation

Vital capacity (VC)

the total amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inhalation

Vital Capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Equation for Vital Capacity

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

Inspiratory Capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Equation for Inspiratory Capacity

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

the total amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation

Functional Residual Capacity = Residual Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Equation for Functional Residual Capacity

Total lung capacity (TLC)

the total amount of air the lungs can contain

Total Lung Capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

Equation for total lung capacity

Obstructive Lung Diseases

obstruction causes air to be trapped in the lungs when it cannot be exhaled, causing stretching of lung tissue

Restrictive Lung Diseases

Loss of elasticity in the lung tissue, causing stiffer lungs and less air being brought into lung tissue

Spirometry

Medical test used to measure lung volumes

Spirometer

Non invasive instrument to measure lung volumes

Respiratory Minute Volume (ml/min) = Tidal Volume (ml) x Respiratory Rate (breaths/min)

Equation for Respiratory Minute Volume

conditions that may affect total lung capacity

What do breath holding tests evaluate?

better pulmonary function, functional reserve, and a larger lung capacity because the lungs are better able to maintain pH

Longer breath holding times indicates what?

Respiratory Acidosis

Condition when CO2 build up in the blood, causing pH to drop

headache, fatigue, confusion, anxiety, and tremors. In more severe cases, heart arrhythmia, seizure, coma, and muscle weakness

symptoms of respiratory acidosis

Dry Gas Meter

instrument to measure tidal volume and collect air that is exhaled

Minute Volume

flow of air into and out of the lungs

Minute Volume (ml/min) = Total Volume of air exhaled (ml) x breaths taken over collection period (breaths/min)

Minute Volume Equation

metabolic rate

the bodies rate of energy expenditure

Metabolic Rate (ml O2 consumed / min) = [Percentage of O2 in inhaled air (20.95%) - Percentage of O2 in exhaled air] x minute volume (ml/min)

Metabolic Rate Equation

Ventulation-perfusion coupling

balance in the rate oxygen is obtained from the environment across surface of lungs and the rate oxygen is delivered to body cells through the capillary walls

Ventilation

oxygen is obtained from the environment across surface of lungs

Perfusion

oxygen is delivered to body cells through the capillary walls

Respiratory System controls respiratory rate and depth

What system controls ventilation, and how?

Cardiovascular System controls heart rate

What system controls perfusion, and how?

Pons and Medulla

Respiratory centers of the brain

Increases

Respiratory Rate if theres too much CO2 in the blood

Decreases

Respiratory Rate if theres too little CO2 in the blood

7.35-7.45

normal blood pH

CO2 -> Carbonic acid -> bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

reaction when CO2 leaves body cells and enters blood

Respiratory rate decreases - fewer, deeper breaths, with longer expirations

Respiratory rate when singing or talking outloud

Respiratory rate increases because it activated the sympathetic nervous system

Respiratory rate when doing mental concentration

Rate increases to remove the carbon dioxide buildup

Respiratory rate during rebreathing

Respiratory rate increases and breathing becomes deeper

Respiratory rate while hyperventilating

Respiratory rate and depth decreases

Respiratory rate post-hyperventilation

Respiratory Rate decreases

Respiratory Rate when hyperventilating into a bag

Respiratory Rate increases

Respiratory Rate with an Obstruction

Lumen

a cavity or hole inside of a tube, blood vessel or hollow organ.

Acini

a small, ball-shaped cluster of secretory cells surrounding ducts.

Duct

a tubular structure that transports secretions of a gland. Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium, arranged in a doughnut pattern.

Lobes

large, roundish projections or divisions of an organ. Can be seen with the naked eye.

Lobules

small divisions of the cells in an organ, forming a functional unit. Usually requires a microscope to be seen.

Serosa

Outermost layer of alimentary canal. Thin tunic of simple squamous epithelium

Muscularis Externa

double layer of smooth muscle that cause peristalsis to move food though the alimentary canal

Submucosa

contains a few nuclei, collagen fibers, and sometimes granular tissue

Mucosa

Innermost layer of the alimentary canal. Contains three sublayers

Muscularis mucosa

Sublayer of mucosa - thin smooth muscle

Lamina propria

Sublayer of mucosa - loose matrix of cells and ground tissue

Epithelium

Sublayer of Mucosa - Protects organ from the contents of the lumen

Mediastinum

The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, thymus, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus. Located between the two pleural cavities (lungs)

Visceral peritoneum

covers the external surfaces of organs

Parietal peritoneum

lines the body wall

Visceral pleura

covers the external surfaces of the lungs

Parietal pleura

covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm

Kidneys

regulate pH and concentration of ions and water in the blood; remove waste products of metabolism

Nephron

functional unit of kidneys

Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubule

Two regions of the nephron

120 ml/min

Rate glomerulus filters blood

Glomerulus

capillaries that filter blood

Proximal Convoluted Tubule and Distal Convoluted Tubule

parts of renal tubule that reabsorbs water and many essential substances

Nephron Loop

part of renal tubule that forms concentrated urine

30 min

how long it takes for kidneys to filter our entire blood volume

Tubular Filtrate

what is left after filtering blood

Molecules over 70,000 MW

What size molecules are not included in filtrate?

1ml/min

Rate of Urine formation

Urinalysis

analysis of urine - provides information about the health of kidneys and the body in general

phenylketonuria (PKU)

inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

phenylpyruvic acid

If phenylalanine accumulates in the body, what is it converted into?

developmental delays, seizures, and intellectual impairments

what does PKU lead to if left untreated

Diabetes Mellitus

imbalance or a deficit in the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas

Fats, ketones

what does the body use for energy when it cannot use sugars; what does this lead to accumulating in the blood?

Decrease

an increase in ketones causes pH to____?

Glucose and ketones in urine, and a low urine pH

what in urine indicates diabetes mellitus

Labstix Test

combined test of urinary pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and occult blood

Normal urine levels

~6(range of 4.5-8.0)

Normal urine pH

trace or none

normal proteins in urine

none

normal glucose in urine

none

normal ketones in urine

none

normal occult blood in urine

a diet rich in proteins or can result from respiratory disorders, dehydration, or starvation

Causes of acidic urine

a diet rich in citrus fruits and dairy, vomiting, urinary tract infections, or cystitis

Causes of alkaline urine

Cystitis

urine decomposes in bladder and produces ammonia

Proteinuria

Presence of proteins in urine

Sign glomeruli is damaged

what does proteinuria indicate about the kidneys

Glycosuria

High levels of glucose in urine

Ketoneuria

high levels of ketones in urine

diabetes mellitus and starvation

Causes of ketoneuria

Occult blood

Blood not visible to naked eye

urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or cancerous cells, nephritis

Causes of occult blood in urine

Nephritis

disease where the glomeruli are damaged, allowing plasma proteins and erythrocytes into the nephrons

occult blood and proteins in urine

Urine of someone with nephritis

300 milliosmoles per liter

Osmolarity of body fluids

By regulating urine’s specific gravity and volume

how do kidneys regulate osmolarity