Chapter 3 — Gastrulation / Neurulation
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20 Terms
What is gastrulation?
Cell movements forming germ layers.
Three germ layers?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
Gastrulation Cell Movements:What is involution?
Cells roll inward over blastopore lip
Gastrulation Cell Movements: What is epiboly?
Cell sheet spreads over embryo.
Gastrulation Cell Movements: What is convergent extension? Why is it important?
Cells converge + embryo elongates. It Iengthens anterior-posterior axis.
Vertebrate Phylotypic Stage: What is it?
Stage where vertebrate embryos look similar
Vertebrate Phylotypic Stage: List common structures present during phylotypic stage.
Distinct Head, neural tube, somites, notochord
Fate Mapping: What is it and why is it important?
Fate mapping trackes future fate of embryonic cells. This is important because they show where tissues/organs originated.
What did fate mapping experiments reveal?
Fate mapping experiments revealed that specific blastula regions formed specific tissues.
Which cells become ectoderm in Xenopus?
Animal pole cells
Which cells become mesoderm in Xenopus?
Marginal zone calls
Which cells become endoderm in Xenopus ?
vegetal cells
Why are Xenopus often used in research for studying development?
They reproduce in large quantities and are external and don't have a shell, making them easier to see
What is neurulation?
Formation of neural tube
What forms the neural plate?
Dorsal ectoderm thickening
What forms the neural tube? What does it become later in development?
Folding of neural plate. Neural Tubes develop into our CNS (brain+ spinal chord)
What are neural crest cells and what do they form?
They are migratory cells from neural tube boarder. They later become our PNS, pigment cells, and cartilage
In Chick embryo's, what is the primitive streak? Chick organizer equivalent?
The primitive streak is a site for gastrulation in Chick embryo's. The henson's node is used as a signal center; as it moves posteriorly, a distinct head and somites form
How are transgenic mice made?
Foreign DNA is inserted into the mouse embryo genome
Organizer Transplant Prep: Why is gastrulation important experimentally?
Establishes tissues used in organizer experiments
