BIOL 1030 - Exam 2

What is the correct order of plant evolution?

Nonvascular ➡ Seedless Vascular ➡ Seed Plants

What plant group evolved vascular tissue first?

Seedless Vascular Plants

What plant group evolved seeds?

Seed Plants

Plants are multicellular or unicellular?

Multicellular

Plants are photoautotrophic or heterotrophic?

Photoautotrophic

What type of life cycle do plants have?

Heteromorphic sporic meiosis

Plants are derived from which algal group?

Charophyta

Plants move by what mechanism?

Growth only

Do plants undergo heteromorphic sporic meiosis? Yes or no?

Yes

Are plants aquatic as a defining synapomorphy? Yes or no?

No, not all plants are aquatic. Most are terrestrial

Are plants heterotropic? Yes or no?

No

Are bryophytes a clade?

No, they are paraphyletic

What generation is dominant in nonvascular plants?

Gametophyte

What structure disperses sperm in mosses (Pylum: Bryophyta)

Splash Cups

Bryophytes have large or small plant bodies?

Small

What type of thallus do liverworts (Phylum: Hepatophyta) have?

Dichotomously branching thallus

What structure is used for asecual reproduction in liverworts (Phylum: Hepatophyta)

Gemma Cups

Liverwort (Phylum: Hepatophyta) sporophytes have what special structure on spores?

Elaters

Moss (Phylum: Bryophyta) sporophytes contain what three parts?

Calyptra, operculum, and peristome

Moss (Phylum: Bryophyta) spore dispersal is controlled by what structure?

Peristome teeth

Moss (Phylum: Bryophyta) spore disperse by what mechanism?

Hygroscopic dispersal

What shape is the hornwort (Phylum: Anthocerophyta) sporophyte?

Horn-like

Hornwort (Phylum: Anthocerophyta) sporophytes are photosynthetic? Yes or no?

Yes

Hornwort (Phylum: Anthocerophyta) thallus is simple and resembles what?

Charophyte-like thallus

What is letter A?

Spores

What is letter B?

Protonemata

What is letter C?

Bud

What is letter D?

Gametophyte

What is letter E?

Antheridia

What is letter F?

Sperm

What is letter G?

Bud

What is letter H?

Gametophyte

What is letter I?

Rhizoid

What is letter J?

Archegonia

What is letter K?

Egg

What is letter L?

Fertilization

What is letter M?

Zygote (2n)

What is letter N?

Embryo

What is letter O?

Young sporophyte

What is letter P?

Foot

What is letter Q?

Capsule

What is letter R?

Seta

What is letter S?

Sporangium

What is letter T?

Peristome

What is letter U?

Meiosis

What is letter V?

Sporophyte

What structure produces spores?

Sporangium (capsule)

What anchors the sporophyte to the gametophyte?

Foot

What stalk holds up the capsule?

Seta

What is the diploid multicellular stage called?

Sporophyte

What is the haploid plant body called?

Gametophyte

What produces sperm?

Antheridia

What produces eggs?

Archegonia

What structure anchors the gametophyte?

Rhizoid

What cell is formed after fertilization?

Zygote

The zygote develops into what?

Embryo

The embryo grows into what?

Young sporophyte

What process produces spores?

Meiosis

What is the filamentous stage after a moss spore germinates?

Protonema

What grows from the protonema?

Bud

What generation is dominant in mosses?

Gametophyte

Which generation is dominant in seed plants?

Sporophyte dominant

Mosses belong to which phylum?

Bryophyta

Liverworts belong to which phylum?

Hepatophyta

Hornworts belong to which phylum?

Anthocerophyta

Nonvascular plants include which three phyla?

Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta

What is the common name for nonvascular plants?

Bryophytes

What is another name for seedless vascular plants?

Pteridophytes

What are examples of seedless vascular plants?

Ferns, club mosses, horsetails

What are the 3 fundamental tissue systems in vascular plants?

Vascular, dermal, and ground

Xylem function?

Conducts water and minerals

Xylem cells are alive or dead?

Dead (lignified)

Phloem function?

Distributes sugars, amino acids, organic products

Phloem cells are alive or dead?

Alive

What does the dermal tissue system do?

Outer covering (protection)

What does ground tissue do?

Fills space between dermal and vascular tissue

What type of meristem causes primary growth?

Apical meristem

Primary growth increases what?

Height (shoot) and depth (root)

What type of meristem causes secondary growth?

Lateral meristem

Secondary growth increases what?

Girth

Microphylls have what type of vascular tissue?

Unbranched

Megaphylls have what type of vascular tissue?

Branched

Fern leaves are called what?

Fronds (megaphylls)

Homosporous plants produce how many spore types?

One

Heterosporous plants produce what two types?

Microspores (male) and Megaspores (female)

Are most seedless vascular plants homosporous or heterosporous?

Homosporous

What are the 4 seedless vascular plant phyla?

Psilophyta, Equisetophyta, Pteridophyta, and Lycophyta

Common name of Psilophyta?

Whisk ferns

Do whisk ferns have true leaves and roots? Yes or no?

No

Stem branching patterns in Psilophyta?

Dichotomous branching

Where are sporangia located in whisk ferns?

On the stem

Are Psilophyta homosporous or heterosporous?

Homosporous

How many sporangia are fused together in whisk ferns?

3

Common name of Equisetophyta?

Horsetails

Genus of modern horsetails?

Equisetum

Horsetail stems are hollow and strengthened with what?

Silica

Leaf arrangement in horsetails?

Whorls of microphylls at nodes

What structure is found at the top of horsetails?

Strobilus (cone)

Are horsetails homosporous or heterosporous?

Homosporous

What structure aids spore dispersal in Equistophyta?

Elaters