MÉXICO CONTEMPORÁNEO: DE CARLOS SALINAS DE GORTARI A CLAUDIA SHEINBAUM

A set of flashcards covering key political figures, economic crises, and social reforms in Mexico from the neoliberal era under Salinas de Gortari to the end of the López Obrador administration.

TLCAN

The North American Free Trade Agreement signed between Mexico, the United States, and Canada during the presidency of Carlos Salinas de Gortari ($1988-1994$).

PRONASOL

The "Programa Solidaridad," an strategy implemented by Carlos Salinas de Gortari to combat poverty that lasted only during his six-year term.

Article 27 Constitutional Reform

The reform made by Carlos Salinas de Gortari to end the agrarian distribution and allow the privatization of communal "ejidal" lands.

"Nuevos pesos"

A currency change implemented in $1993$ to eliminate $3$ zeros from the peso, facilitating transactions and accounting after the hyperinflation of the $1980$.s

"Error de diciembre"

The economic crisis in $1994$ triggered by an abrupt announcement that the dollar would rise in price by $15\%$, leading to a total devaluation of the peso.

Fobaproa

The "Fondo Bancario de Protección al Ahorro" created in $1990$ that was used in $1995$ to absorb private bank debts, converting them into public debt.

"Efecto Tequila"

The financial panic of $1994$ caused by a $60\%$ currency devaluation that led foreign investors to massiveley withdraw their money from Mexico.

IFE Autonomy

The transition that granted total autonomy to the electoral institute (now INE), separating it from the government and creating "citizen counselors."

Alternancia política

The political shift in the year $2000$ when Vicente Fox Quesada won the presidency, ending more than $70$ years of PRI rule.

IFAI

The institute created by Vicente Fox under the Federal Transparency Law to enable citizens to legally demand accountability regarding government spending.

Seguro Popular

A health public program implemented by Vicente Fox to provide medical attention and medicine to Mexicans not affiliated with IMSS or ISSSTE.

Cantarell

A massive marine oil field that was Mexico's primary source of oil wealth before entering a phase of accelerated natural decline.

Great Recession ($2008-2009$)

A global crisis originating from the United States mortgage collapse that severely affected Mexico due to its extreme trade dependence on the U.S.

Pacto por México

A historic agreement signed on December $2$, $2012$, by Enrique Peña Nieto alongside the PAN and PRD to approve major structural reforms.

Ayotzinapa Case ($2014$)

The forced disappearance of $43$ students in Iguala, Guerrero, which caused massive protests and a severe political crisis for the Peña Nieto administration.

La Estafa Maestra

A massive fraud involving the diversion of billions of pesos in public funds through state universities and ghost companies discovered during the Peña Nieto sexenio.

"Gasolinazo"

The authorized increase of up to $20\%$ in gasoline prices in January $2017$ intended to free fuel prices and remove government subsidies.

T-MEC

The renegotiated trade agreement between Mexico, the United States, and Canada that replaced the original TLCAN and entered into force in $2020$.

"Economía Moral"

The economic model of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, also known as "Humanismo Mexicano," which prioritized income redistribution and the domestic market.

IMSS-Bienestar

The healthcare scheme intended to manage services after the disappearance of the Seguro Popular and the implementation failure of the Insabi.