Pathophysiology Chapter 4: Altered cellular and tissue biology

Pallor mortis

The surface of the skin becomes PALE and YELLOW, except in carbon monoxide poisoning, drowning, or chloroform poisoning.

Algor mortis

a decrease in body temperature after death

rigor mortis

stiffening of muscles. the onset of rigor mortis,

\
begins 0 to 8 hours after death and

\
peaks at approximately 8 to 12 hours from onset.

The body remains stiff for another 12 to 24 hours,

\
after which the rigor begins to dissipate with muscle flexibility returning after 24 to 36 hours.

Livor mortis

Gravity causes blood to settle in dependent (anatomically low areas) tissues, resulting in a prominent blue-purple discoloration of the skin over these regions. The pupils dilate. Blood and fluids drain from face, nose, and chin.

putrefaction

tissues and organs of the body break down into gaseous and liquid matter about 24 to 48 hours after death. Swelling and bloating of body structures.

decomposition

the organic matter of the body is broken down into elemental matter

skeletonization

occurs when the various tissues of the body have degraded and decayed to the point of exposing the skeleton

contusion

bleeding into skin or underlying tissues; bruising

what is the most common cause of cellular injury

hypoxic injury

ischemia

Reduced supply of blood

\
reduced O2 content in ambient air

necrosis is caused by

hypoxia secondary to severe ischemia or chemical injury

which type of necrosis best describes death of a cell from hypoxia, generally as a result of ischemia in the lower extremities

gangrenous

microcytic- hypochromic anemia

small size, pale color

normocytic-normochromic anemia

normal size, normal color

macrocytic-normochromic anemia

large size, normal color

normocytic

normal amount of hemoglobin

microcytic normochromic anemia

big size erythrocyte with normal amount of hemoglobin

hypochromic

small hemoglobin

pernicopus anemia

deficiency of vitamin b 12

lack of intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells

lymphocytosis

caused by Epstein barr virus (EBV)

increase in number of proportion

leukemias

caused by genetic abnormality and Philadelphia chromosome

Hodgkin lymphoma

malignant lymphoma

diagnosis by reed-Sternberg cells

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

B-cell neoplasm

\
affects the back of the throat

physiologic atrophy

early development, thymus gland during early childhood, ovaries atrophy in postmenopausal women secondary to a lack of estrogens

pathologic atrophy

occurs in organs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal simulation, or neural stimulation.

physiologic hypertrophy

increased demand, stimulation by hormones, and growth aerobic exercise or a runners heart

pathologic hypertrophy

results from chronic hemodynamic overload, such as hypertension or heart valve dysfunction.

physiologic compensatory hyperplasia

adaptive mechanism that enables organs to regenerate.

occurs in epidermal and intestinal epithelia, hepatocytes, bone marrow cells, and fibroblasts.

hormonal hyperplasia

occurs in organs that respond to endocrine hormonal stimulation. EX: ovaries during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

dysplasia

abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells.

metaplasia

reversible replacement of one mature cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) by another cell type.

ischemia- reperfusion injury

restoration of blood flow and oxygen to ischemic tissues can increase recovery of cells reversibly injured, but paradoxically result in additional injury.

\
affects liver, kidney, bowels

cellular injury

occurs when our body can not maintain homeostasis

damage done to the nucleus, is irreversible and cell dies

anoxia

lack of O2 caused by obstruction

Ex: someone gets strangled, drowning, or getting CPR

free radicals

electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron. One Unpaired electron makes molecule unstable.

\
\

Free radicals are generated in a variety of conditions such as

chemical and radiation injury

Exposure to lead can cause

anemia, renal lesions, protein in urine, GI problems.

\
Impaired neurological development if exposure of lead occurs in uterus.

arsenic

may cause problems with development in lungs cancers

exposure to skin lesions (hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis)

xenobiotics

compounds and chemicals that have toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic properties. Many xenobiotics are hepatoxic (toxic to liver)

alcohol consumption for men and women

two drinks per day for man (14 drinks per week)

\
1 drink per day for women (7 drinks per week)

\
\

laceration

tear when you pull on the skin,

asphyxial injuries

failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

\

fracture

blunt-force blows or impacts can cause bone to break or shattercerations of liver, spleen, kidneys, bowel,

partial deprivation of oxygen

hypoxia

total deprivation of oxygen

anoxia

asphyxiation is grouped into four general categories

suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, and drowning

Phenomenon known as dry-lung drowning is

vagal-mediated laryngospasms that close off the airway.

cellular swelling (edema)

most common degenerative change; it results from a shift of extracellular water into the cells. cellular swelling is reversible.

what is necrosis

cell destruction characterized by rapid loss of plasma membrane structure, swelling organelles, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the lack of typical features of apoptosis

coagulative necrosis is called

infarct

liquefactive necrosis commonly results from

ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain.

\
triggered by bacterial infection, especially staphylococci, strep, e.Coli

caseous necrosis results from

pulmonary tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Both elements of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.

gangrenous necrosis

severe hypoxic injury, secondary to the blockage of major arterial vessels supplying a region of the body. lower extremities.

dry gangrene

results from coagulative necrosis.

wet gangrene

lethal form, secondary to necrotizing bacterial infections, infection with gram-positive cocci.

what type of necrosis best describes death of a cell from hypoxia, generally as a result of ischemia in the lower extremities?

gangrenous

fat necrosis

cellular dissolution caused by lipases, potent enzymes found in the breast and abdominal structures, within the pancreas

apoptosis

active process of cellular self-destruction. result is programmed cell death. occurs in both noraml and pathologic tissue changes.

phsyiologic apoptosis

average in adult, 10 bilion new cells may be created every day

which statement is TRUE with regard to cellular change due to aging?

\
A. The cellular changes are reversible

B. DNA becomes less susceptible to injurious stimuli

C. The cellular changes proceed slowly and in small increments

D. Lipid, calcium, and plasma proteins are less likely to be deposited in vessel walls.

C. The cellular changes proceed slowly in small incremements.

What race has the highest rate of health disparities

13% African Americans