NCE Ch. 7 - ppt.

What is the difference between a job and a career?

A job is a single paid work experience; a career includes lifetime work roles and identities

Which concept includes roles such as worker, parent, citizen, and leisurite?

Career

A collective category such as “teachers” or “counselors” is called what?

Occupation

Career counseling expanded during WWII primarily to help whom?

Returning veterans find skilled work

The “space race” and Cold War increased school-based career counseling during which decades?

1950s and 1960s

What major change in the 1970s reduced emphasis on career counseling in schools?

Increased focus on achievement testing

Who is considered the “father of guidance”?

Frank Parsons

Parsons’ Trait and Factor theory focused on what major idea?

Matching personality traits to work environments

Parsons believed career counseling should focus on choosing what rather than simply finding employment?

A vocation/career

What major criticism exists of Parsons’ theory today?

One-time testing cannot predict lifelong careers

Anne Roe believed career choice was heavily influenced by what childhood factor?

Parenting and early child-rearing experiences

Roe’s theory was influenced by whose hierarchy of needs?

Maslow

According to Roe, unmet needs become what?

Motivators

According to Roe, rejecting or hostile parenting leads clients toward what type of careers?

Non-people-oriented careers like science, outdoors, or technology

According to Roe, democratic and accepting parenting tends to encourage what type of careers?

People-oriented careers

Hoppock believed accurate career decisions require understanding what?

Personal needs and occupations that satisfy them

Which theorist stated, “Career choice is a process, not an event”?

Donald Super

Super’s theory is known as what?

Life-Career Rainbow

Super believed career development was what type of process?

Lifelong developmental process

According to Super, career maturity is best defined as what?

Adaptability/preparation for future stages

Which theorist emphasized that people may recycle through career stages multiple times?

Donald Super

What are Super’s five major life-career stages?

Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Decline

What age range corresponds with Super’s Exploration stage?

Approximately ages 10–22

Which Super stage involves stabilizing and advancing in a career?

Establishment

Which Super stage involves preserving achieved status and skills?

Maintenance

Super believed the worker role was only one part of what broader concept?

Life roles/career identity

Ginzberg’s Fantasy stage occurs during approximately what ages?

0-11 years

In Ginzberg’s Tentative stage, children begin evaluating what?

Interests & abilities

Which Ginzberg stage involves realistic compromise and weighing needs/abilities?

Realistic stage

Crites used what alternate term for career maturity?

Vocational maturity

Holland’s theory returned to what major concept originally emphasized by Parsons?

Matching personality to work environment

What does RIASEC stand for?

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional

A person who enjoys tools, hands-on work, and physical activity fits which Holland type?

Realistic

Analytical and scientific personalities fit which Holland type?

Investigative

Creative, imaginative, and original personalities fit which Holland type?

Artistic

Helpful, cooperative, and nurturing personalities fit which Holland type?

Social

Persuasive, assertive, and leadership-oriented personalities fit which Holland type?

Enterprising

Organized, detail-oriented, and structured personalities fit which Holland type?

Conventional

In Holland’s theory, congruence refers to what?

Degree of fit between personality and work environment

In Holland’s theory, consistency refers to what?

Similarity/closeness between personality types on the hexagon

Which Holland personality pair demonstrates HIGH consistency?

Adjacent types like Investigative and Artistic

Which pair demonstrates LOW consistency?

Opposite types like Investigative and Enterprising

Holland’s Self-Directed Search measures what?

Personality/work-environment fit

The Strong Interest Inventory measures what major construct?

Interests (not abilities)

Which theorist introduced the concept of self-efficacy?

Albert Bandura

Self-efficacy refers to what?

Beliefs about one’s ability to successfully perform tasks

According to Bandura, low self-efficacy causes people to do what?

Avoid challenging tasks/careers

Krumboltz’s theory is called what?

Social Learning Theory of Career Counseling

Krumboltz emphasized what concept involving openness to unexpected opportunities?

Planned happenstance

According to Krumboltz, career choices are heavily influenced by what?

Learning experiences and exposure

Lent, Brown, and Hackett developed what theory?

Social Cognitive Career Theory

Social Cognitive Career Theory heavily emphasizes what construct?

Self-efficacy

A counselor introducing a female minority student to successful professionals from similar backgrounds is attempting to improve what?

Self-efficacy beliefs

Tiedman and O’Hara viewed career counseling primarily as what process?

Decision-making

Imagining oneself in a career occurs during which Tiedman & O’Hara phase?

Anticipation phase

Reality-testing career expectations occurs during which phase?

Implementation/accommodation phase

Gelatt proposed that career decisions involve what three systems?

Predictive, Value, and Decision systems

Gottfredson’s theory is called what?

Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation

Circumscription refers to what process?

Eliminating career options based on socialization/stereotypes

During which Gottfredson stage do children categorize jobs into “male” and “female” occupations?

Orientation to sex roles (ages 6–8)

“What jobs fit who I am?” becomes important during which Gottfredson stage?

Orientation to the internal unique self

A displaced homemaker is typically what?

Someone re-entering the workforce after financial/life changes

The “glass ceiling” refers to what phenomenon?

Invisible barriers limiting advancement, especially for women

Occupational sex segregation refers to what?

Lower status/pay in stereotypically female occupations

“Meritocracy” assumes what?

Hard work alone determines success

Why is meritocracy criticized in multicultural counseling?

It ignores systemic/cultural barriers

White privilege refers to what concept?

Unearned societal advantages for White individuals

What is the hidden job market?

Jobs that are never publicly advertised

Affirmative Action was designed to improve what?

Hiring and educational opportunities for minority groups

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was based on whose theories?

Carl Jung

MBTI measures four major dimensions. What are they?

Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, Judging-Perceiving

Extraverts primarily direct energy where?

Toward the external world

Introverts primarily direct energy where?

Toward the internal world

Sensing individuals prefer what type of information?

Concrete facts/details

Intuitive individuals focus primarily on what?

Patterns, meanings, possibilities

Thinking individuals make decisions primarily using what?

Logic/objectivity

Feeling individuals make decisions primarily using what?

Values/empathy

Judging personalities prefer what style?

Structure, closure, planning

Perceiving personalities prefer what style?

Flexibility and openness

Which MBTI type is commonly associated with counselors?

INFJ

Constructivist career theories reject what traditional assumption?

That there is one objective “truth” about careers

Mark Savickas developed what theory?

Career Construction Theory

Savickas emphasized gathering information through what?

Career style interviews and life stories

Savickas focused heavily on what concept?

Meaning/mattering

Duane Brown’s theory emphasized what major concept?

Values-based career decisions

According to Duane Brown, people experience greater satisfaction when careers align with what?

Personal values

L. Sunny Hansen developed what model?

Integrative Life Planning (ILP)

ILP emphasizes integration of what domains?

Mind, body, spirit, and life roles

Hansen’s theory strongly emphasizes what broader concepts?

Social justice, spirituality, diversity, connectedness

Increasing numbers of college graduates working below their education level is called what?

Underemployment

Supply and demand predicts what relationship?

Fewer specialized workers = higher salaries

“Soft skills” include what kinds of abilities?

Communication, flexibility, emotional regulation, timeliness

Azrin’s “job clubs” primarily focus on developing what?

Soft skills and job-seeking behaviors

Judging an applicant more favorably because previous applicants performed poorly demonstrates what?

Contrast effect

Work behaviors spilling into personal life demonstrates what effect?

Spillover effect

Evaluations based mostly on recent performance demonstrate what bias?

Recency effect