H22 Nationalism and Political Reform, 1850-1880 | Quizlet

Realpolitik

Style of governing that is based on practical and material factors, rather than on ethics or ideology, and that uses all means, including war, to expand the influence and power of a state.

congress system

System of European international relations in the first half of the nineteenth century in which the major European states cooperated to preserve the balance of power.

risorgimento

Italian term for the political and cultural renewal of Italy that began in the late eighteenth century. It later came to be associated with Italian unification.

Otto von Bismarck

Nineteenth-century German statesman who, through a series of aggressive wars, united Germany. Germany became the dominant power in Europe under his administration.

Zollverein

Customs union formed among states in the German Confederation beginning in 1834, creating an important step to later political unification of the German nation-state.

February Patent

Enactment issued in 1861 by the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph that established a constitutional monarchy in the old Austrian Empire.

Compromise of 1867

Agreement that divided the Habsburg Empire into Austria in the west and Hungary in the east, a dual monarchy under Emperor Franz Joseph called Austria-Hungary.

Young Turks

Young intellectuals who wanted to transform the Ottoman Empire into a more modern, Westernized state. The expression has subsequently come to designate any group of activists pushing for political change.

mir

Russian peasant commune. After Tsar Alexander II freed the serfs in 1861, the mir determined land use and paid the government mortgages and taxes.

zemstvos

Village or district assemblies created by Tsar Alexander II in 1864 as part of the Great Reform; they elected delegates to regional assemblies.

Second Reform Bill

British legislation that extended suffrage to clerks, artisans, and other skilled workers by lowering property qualifications.

Paris Commune

Parisian workers' uprising intended to establish a workers' government under home rule. It was violently suppressed by the army of the conservative French government.