global things

Divine right

Belief that god chooses who rules as a monarch

Monarchy

Type of government run by a king or queen

How did people become monarchs

Usually inherited from parents / family

Absolutism

When a monarch rules with total / absolute power / they do whatever they want

Arguments of Thomas hobbes (wrote the leviathan)

Argued people = naturally simple + need a strong leader to control them

Age of absolutism

Period in eu history where nations = governed by absolute monarchs

Key characteristics of an absolute monarchy

Not sharing power with anyone else, believing in divine right, and making laws without the consent of the people

Examples of absolute monarchs

Peter the great , louis the 14th, and suleiman the magnificent

Peter the great of russia

Westernized russia

Louis the 14th of france

Taced the poor and not the rich to build the palace of versailles —> put too much economic pressure on poor —> many starved

Suleiman the magnificent

of the ottomans

Japan in the 1700s

Japan = still a feudal society + run by shogun or military general whose land = divided between his daimyo / nobles. Also remained isolated

Mughal empire in india (1700s)

Muslim empire = ruled by emperor.

Most famous mughal ruler

Akbar the great b/c he showed tolerance towards hindus while others were mistreated religious minorities

How did europeans take away from the mughals

The empire = divided by religion —> eu took advantage and took away land from mughals

Scientific revolution (1500s - 1600s

Sudden and dramatic change in how people saw the world

What happened during the scientific revolution

People used science and logic to explain how the world works

What did people stop doing during the scientific revolution

People stopped using the bible or the church to explain things.

Copernicus

Astronomer who developed the heliocentric theory

Heliocentric theory

Idea that all of the planets revolve around the sun

Galileo

Astronomer who proved the heliocentric theory

What happened to galileo

He was put on trial by the Catholic Church because his ideas went against their teachings

Issac newton

Invented calculus + the theory of gravity

Johannes kelper

Helped discover how planets move

Effects of scientific revolution

Spread new ideas throughout eu, challenged the authority of the catholic church, ideas led to enlightenment

Enlightenment (1700s)

Period in eu history where logic and understand and improve society

Key ideas of the enlightenment

Philosophers believed society could be improved by using reason and natural law, governments recieve authority from the people, democracy

John lock

Believed people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property + people can overthrow governments that fail to protect these natural rights.

Montesquieu

Believed government should be divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches so there is separation of powers + system of checks and balances

Voltaire

Believed everyone is entitled to freedom of speech and religion

Rousseau

Believed society is an agreement where everyone agrees to work for common good of society

Effects of enlightenment

Helped cause political revolutions

Enlightened despots

Eu monarchs who believed and ruled using enlightenment principles

Political revolution

Event where the people of a country overthrow an existing government and create a new one

French Revolution (1789 - 1815)

Event where people overthrew king louis 16th and fought for more rights

How was France divided

Into 3 estates w/the third being mostly peasants. They paid the most taxes and very few rights

Causes of the french revolution

absolute monarchs, enlightenment ideas, economic crisis

Declaration of the rights of man

Document that gave equal rights to the men of france + made a fair system of taxation

Reign of terror

Robespierre and the jocobins executed thousands of people that were believed to be loyal to the king

Effects of French Revolution

Middle class gain more power and rights

Napoleon Bonaparte

Ruler who came into power after French Revolution

What did Napoleon do

Enlarged french territory by conquering neighboring lands —> french nationalism

Latin American revolutions (1800 - 1830)

Events where colonies in latin america fought for independence from spain, portugal, and france.

Causes of latin American revolutions

Cruel Peninsular control, enlightenment ideals, inspo from past revelations

Simon bolivar

Helped gain independence for Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela

Jose de san martin

Helped gain independence for argentina, chile, peru

Miguel Hidalgo

Helped gain independence for mexico

Toussaint l’ouverture

Helped gain independence for haiti

Industrial Revolution

Change from producing goods by hand to producing goods by machines

Where did the Industrial Revolution start

Great britain because it had many natural resources that wEre necessary for producing and transporting goods.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Machines used to produce goods, growth of cities, formation of labour unions and legislation from bad working conditions.

Laissez faire capitalism/ market economy

Economic system used during the Industrial Revolution

What is a market economy based on

Business and factories should be owned by individuals, prices and decisions should be made by those individuals without government interference

Karl marx + friedrich engels

Believed laissez faire = bad and argued it allowed greedy factory owners to exploit poor factory workers

What was said in the communist manifesto

All of history has been about class struggle —> wealthy factory owners = taking advantage of poor factory workers to make money —> factory workers should rise up and overthrow factory owners + eliminate laissez faire capitalism —> create new society where work and wealth = shared equally

Nationalism

Feeling of love, loyalty , and devotion to ones country

Where does nationalism develop

Usually develops in areas where people share a common language, culture, and history

unification of italy

Successfully combined in 1870 because of guisseppe Garibaldi, giuseppe mazzini, and count camillo di cavour

German unification

Successfully combined in 1871 because of otto von bismarck who used a blood and iron policy

Austria Hungary + ottoman empire

Both large empires that ruled over many diverse ethnic groups

How did nationalism affect au-hu + ottomans

Caused ethnic minorities to desire independence and form their own governments

How did au-hu and the ottomans get broken up

Both were broken up because of nationalist movements by ethnic minorities

how did great Britain affect Ireland

Took over in 1801

Irish potato famine (1845 - 1850)

1 million irish people died of famine when the potato crop failed to grow

Where did the irish migrate to

Over a million irish people migrated to the us to escape the famine and find more opportunities

How did nationalism affect ireland

Many Irish people did not want to be ruled by great britain —> southern Ireland gained independence in 1921

Imperialism

When a strong country takes over a weaker country

Causes of eu imperialism

Raw materials, need to civilize, and natural instinct

Scramble for africa

Over 90% of africa = taken over by European countries who raced to take over the continent

Spheres of influence in china

Areas where trade was controlled by different european nations after the opium wars

Colonization of india

Taken over by Great Britain and ruled over for almost 200 years

Sepoy mutiny

Failed rebellion where india tried to gain independence from great Britain

Boxer rebellion

Failed rebellion where china tried to gain independence from the european nations that controlled it

Matthew perry

Sailed to japan to oder the country to open themselves up to trade in 1854

Meiji restoration (1868 - 1912)

Period in japanese history where japan was ruled by emperor meiji and began to rapidly modernize and westernize

Effects of meiji restoration

Japan became a powerful and modern industrial country —> imperializing china and korea for natural resources

World war 1 (1914 - 1918)

Global military conflict mainly fought in Europe

Causes of world war 1

Improved armies and supplies, military alliances, competition for africa, balkan independence

Treaty of versailles

Treaty that ended world war 1 and punished germany accordingly

Germany’s punishment for world war 1

Forced to take blame, pay 30 billion, reduce military size, and give up some of it’s land

Effects of world war 1

Au-hu and the ottomans broke apart, armenian genocide, women in europe gained the right to vote

Bolshevik revolution

Event where people of russia overthrew the tsar and created a new government

Causes for the bolshevik revolution

People of russia were unhappy with tsar because of WW1 casualties and power abuses

Bolsheviks

Radical group led by vladimir lenin and ran the russian revolution

How did the bolsheviks gain russian support

By promising to provide peace land and bread

Effects of the bolshevik revolution

Tsar and his entire family were executed, bolsheviks came to power, russia became the first communist nation

Ottomans after world war 1

Ottoman empire was broken apart and became the country of turkey

Kemal ataturk

First president of turkey and made meny changes to strengthen the country including westernizing and establishing democracy

Zionism

Nationalist movement to create an official nation for jews after world war 1

India after world war 1

India began to increase its demands for independence after being ruled by britain for over 200 years

Mohandas Gandhi

Famous nationalist leader who fought for independence from Britain using non-violent methods

Totalitarian dictatorships

Governments where one ruler has complete control over all aspects of life

3 countries that established totalitarian dictatorships

Italy, germany, and soviet union

Characteristics dictatorships had in common

Censorship, one political party, needs of state over needs of self, eliminating opposition, use of propaganda

Josheph stalin

Totalitarian dictator of the soviet union

Command economy

Economic system where government owns businesses, make business decisions and sets prices (opposite of laissez faire)

Five year plans

Stalin tried to modernize industry and agriculture by setting economic goals every 5 years

Collectivization

Stalin took over individual farms and forced people to live on government owned farms

World war 2 (1939 -1945)

Second major conflict the 20th century fought mainly in Europe and islands in the Pacific Ocean

Japanese aggression

Japan took over korea, manchuria, and much of south east asia to gain natural resources