Lesson 26: Nixon, Vietnam, and Watergate & Lesson 27: Ford, Carter and the Reagan Revolution

What was the primary goal of “Vietnamization”?

to achieve and “honorable end to the war” by training South Vietnamese forces to take over the ground war

allowed U.S. to stop sending troops without a total withdrawal

What event at Kent State University intensified anti-war sentiment in 1970?

The Ohio National Guard fired on protesters during a riot, killing four students in just "13 seconds."

What was Richard Nixon’s response to the tragedy at Kent State?

"When dissent turns to violence, it invites tragedy."

What triggered the Watergate investigation?

The arrest of five men linked to White House "Plumber" operations who broke into the Democratic Party Headquarters on June 17, 1972.

What was Nixon’s legal justification for refusing to release the subpoenaed tapes?

He claimed "Executive Privilege," arguing that presidential communications should remain confidential.

What was the "Saturday Night Massacre" (Oct 20, 1973)?

The event where Nixon ordered the firing of Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox (who had subpoenaed the tapes), leading to Cox's dismissal and the appointment of a new prosecutor, Jaworski.

What phrase did Nixon famously use to defend himself publicly during the Watergate scandal?

"I am not a crook."

Why did Nixon decide to resign on August 8, 1974?

The House Judiciary Committee had recommended articles of impeachment, and it was clear the full House was prepared to vote in favor of it.

What major action did Jimmy Carter take upon his inauguration in 1977?

Pardoned Vietnam draft dodgers

What was the state of the U.S. economy during the Carter presidency?

High inflation (rising from 5% to 13%), recession, high unemployment (7.5%), and an oil crisis.

What triggered the Iran Hostage Crisis in 1979?

The U.S. allowed the deposed Shah of Iran to enter the U.S. for medical care; in retaliation, the U.S. Embassy in Tehran was seized.

How long were the American hostages held in Iran?

444 days.

Who was the first female U.S. Supreme Court Justice appointed by Reagan?

Sandra Day O'Connor (1981).

Who was the Democratic Vice-Presidential nominee in the 1984 election?

Geraldine Ferraro (the first woman nominated for this position on a major party ticket)

What was the central economic difference between Reagan and Mondale in the 1984 election?

Reagan campaigned on tax reduction, while Mondale promised to raise taxes

What does Mikhail Gorbachev’s term Perestroika mean?

Restructuring (specifically of the Soviet economic/political system)

What does Mikhail Gorbachev’s term Glasnost mean?

Openness (allowing more freedom of expression/press).

What famous command did Reagan deliver while visiting the Berlin Wall?

“Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down this Wall."