respiratory system (pg. 3 and 4)

olfactory neuron, supporting cells, basal cells

what are the cell types in olfactory epithelium (that all rest on the basal lamina)

olfactory neuron

Spindle-shaped, bipolar neurons that lie between the sustentacular cells

olfactory neuron

Their round nuclei are situated between the level of the nuclei of the sustentacular cells and basal cells

supporting cells

Tall, slender cells that are broad at their apices and narrow at their bases

supporting cells

Provide structural and functional support for the olfactory cells.

supporting cells

Apical surface contains numerous, long and slender microvilli that are bathed with mucus

supporting cells

Cytoplasm contains Golgi complex, abundant sER, and lipofuscin granules that give the olfactory area its yellowish-brown color

basal cells

Small, rounded or conical, deeply-staining cells located between the bases of sustentacular and olfactory cells

paranasal sinuses

Spaces extending from the nasal cavity forming cavities in the neighboring bones

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

what epithelium does paranasal sinuses have?

paranasal sinuses

Lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium lined with few goblet cells, but not as much as nasal fossae

paranasal sinuses

Sinuses serve as voice resonator and make the bones of the face lighter

pharynx

Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube

pharynx

Extends from base of skull to cricoid cartilage (continues as esophagus)

pharynx

Common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems (air and food)

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

what are the regions in pharynx?

nasopharynx

Behind nasal cavity

oropharynx

Behind oral cavit

laryngopharynx

Behind larynx

respiratory epithelium

what epithelium does nasopharynx have?

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

what epithelium does oropharynx have?

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

what epithelium does laryngopharynx have?

larynx

Designed to produce sound (phonation) and to close the trachea during swallowing

larynx

Connects the pharynx to the trachea

epiglottis

a thin leaf-like structure that projects obliquely, upward, and backward over the lumen or laryngeal opening

epiglottis

Prevents swallowed food or fluid from entering the airway and protects the glottis

stratified squamous epithelium

anterior epiglottis and vocal folds (due to friction from swallowing and vibration)

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

most of the remaining larynx (respiratory epithelium)

trachea

A permanently patent (always open) and flexible tube about 11 cm long and 2 cm in diameter

trachea

Connects the larynx to the lungs and carries air to and from the lungs during breathing

trachea

Relaxes during swallowing, allowing esophagus expansion into the posterior tracheal wall for food passage

trachea

Contracts during coughing to narrow the airway and increase airflow force for expulsion of irritants

trachea

Ends at the level of the sternal angle, where it bifurcates into the left and right main bronchi

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

what epithelium does trachea have?

extrapulmonary bronchi

main bronchi

intrapulmonary bronchi

all bronchi within the lungs (secondary, tertiary, and further branches)

bronchi

Very similar to the trachea until they enter the lungs

bronchioles

12th to 15th generations of branching of the bronchial tree

bronchioles

Smaller airways that arise from the bronchi and conduct air toward the alveoli.

ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells

what epithelium does bronchioles have?

lobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

what are the types of bronchioles in the conducting portion?

lobular bronchioles

Formed by repeated branching of bronchioles

lobular bronchioles

Each supplies a lung lobule

lobular bronchitis

The peripheral lobules tend to be pyramidal, whereas the centrally located ones are irregular in shape.

lobular bronchioles

Enter the lobule at its apex, accompanied by interlobular branches of pulmonary and bronchial arteries

terminal bronchioles

Arise from lobular bronchioles (about 5–7 branches)

terminal bronchioles

Last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

terminal bronchioles

End in alveoli

terminal bronchioles

Epithelium contains non-ciliated cells (clara or club cells)

respiratory bronchioles

Arise from the bifurcation of terminal bronchioles as short, tiny tubes.

respiratory bronchioles

First part of the respiratory zone (gas exchange begins)

respiratory bronchioles

End as alveolar ducts and give rise directly to alveoli and alveolar sacs

respiratory bronchioles

Walls are interrupted at intervals by very thin saccular out-pocketings (alveoli), with the number of alveoli increasing with each branching