week 2 altered urinary elimination 

What are the primary functions of the renal system?

Filtration, Reabsorption, Vitamin D activation, Fluid regulation, RBC formation, Blood pressure regulation, and Acid-base balance.

What is Azotemia?

A condition where BUN and Creatinine levels are high due to the kidneys' inability to eliminate waste effectively.

What medication is used to substitute for erythropoietin in renal damage?

Epoetin Alfa.

What is the minimum urine output per kilogram of body weight for adults?

0.5 mL/kg/hr.

What should be done if urine output is less than 30 mL/hr?

Take proactive measures for kidney health; do not wait for this threshold.

How can potassium be pushed back into cells?

By administering insulin.

What does Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) indicate?

It reflects how well the kidneys are filtering blood, with a normal GFR being about 125 mL/min.

What are common causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Impaired perfusion (pre-renal), direct trauma to the kidneys (intrarenal), and mechanical obstruction (postrenal).

What is the most common bacteria causing Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)?

E. Coli.

What are the clinical manifestations of Cystitis?

Burning sensation, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, dysuria, hematuria, fever, and confusion in older adults.

What is the primary treatment for uncomplicated UTIs?

Antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity results.

What dietary adjustments are recommended for patients on dialysis?

Low sodium, low potassium, and low protein diets.

What condition is indicated by cloudy or bloody fluid from peritoneal dialysis?

Peritonitis.

What is Nephrotic Syndrome?

A group of kidney disorders leading to excessive protein loss in the urine due to damaged glomeruli.

What are the hallmark symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Polyuria, fatigue, uremia, azotemia, and acidosis.

What surgical procedure connects an artery and vein for dialysis access?

Fistula.

What is the significance of the RIFLE criteria in AKI?

It categorizes the severity of acute kidney injury (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage).

What common symptoms indicate a UTI?

Dysuria, frequency, urgency, cloudy urine, and sometimes flank pain.

What is the effect of aging on the renal system?

Decreased renal blood flow, lower GFR, and a reduction in kidney size.

What is a major preventative measure for CKD in patients with Type 2 Diabetes?

Education on nephrotoxic drugs and regular screening.

What are the main symptoms of Glomerulonephritis?

Headache, hypertension, facial edema, low-grade fever, weight gain, and smoky urine.