TTSusan8-Rules of Nun Sakina and Tanween

These flashcards cover the Tajweed rules for Nun Sakina and Tanween including Iqlab, Idgham, and Ikhfa as discussed in the lecture.

Madd Al-Iwad

A compensatory elongation used when stopping on a Tanween of Fatha.

Hadhf

The cancellation or omission of Tanween when stopping, specifically for Tanween of Dhamma or Kasra.

Iqlab (Linguistic meaning)

Flipping, conversion, or changing.

Iqlab (Applied definition)

Flipping the Nun Sakina or Tanween into a hidden Meem with a long Ghunna when followed by the letter Ba.

Ba

The only letter associated with the rule of Iqlab.

Steps of Iqlab

1. Flip the Nun/Tanween into a Meem; 2. Hide the Meem into the Ba; 3. Pronounce the long Ghunna.

Reason for Iqlab

The difficulty of pronouncing the letter Ba from the lips while simultaneously producing the Ghunna from the nasal cavity.

Signs of Iqlab in the Quran

A small Meem placed on top of a Nun or appearing as the second mark in a Tanween.

Idgham (Linguistic meaning)

Merging or putting two things together to make them one.

Idgham (Applied definition)

Merging a Sakin letter into a following voweled letter so they are pronounced as one letter with a Shadda.

Yarmaloon

A group of $6$ letters (Ya, Ra, Meem, Lam, Waw, Nun) that trigger the rule of Idgham.

Idgham with Ghunna

Merging that occurs with the letters gathered in the word 'Yanmu' (Ya, Nun, Meem, Waw).

Idgham without Ghunna

Merging that occurs with the letters Lam and Ra, where no nasal sound is produced.

Complete Idgham (Idgham Kaamil)

The total disappearance of the letter and its characteristic (Ghunna), occurring with the letters Nun, Meem, Lam, and Ra.

Incomplete Idgham (Idgham Naaqis)

Canceling the mouth component of the Nun while the characteristic of Ghunna remains; occurs with letters Ya and Waw.

Ikhfa (Linguistic meaning)

Hiding or concealment.

Ikhfa (Applied definition)

Pronouncing a letter in a way that is between Izhaar and Idgham, keeping the nasal sound (Ghunna) without a Tashdid.

Ikhfa letters

The $15$ letters remaining after excluding the letters of Izhaar, Idgham, and Iqlab.

Heavy Ghunna

Occurs when the Ikhfa is followed by one of five heavy letters: Sad, Dad, Ta ($\text{Ṣād, Ḁād, Ṡā'}$), Za, or Qaf.

Light Ghunna

Occurs when the Ikhfa is followed by one of the $10$ light letters of the Ikhfa group.

Reason for Ikhfa

The letters are not far enough away to cause Izhaar, nor near enough to cause Idgham.

Highest Level of Ikhfa

Occurs with the letters Toa, Ta, and Dal ($\text{Ṡā', Tā', Dāl}$) because their articulation points are very close to the Nun.

Lowest Level of Ikhfa

Occurs with the letters Qaf and Kaf because their articulation points are farther from the Nun.

Sequential Tanween

A sign in the Quran where Tanween marks are not perfectly stacked, indicating a rule of Idgham or Ikhfa.

Overlapped (Stacked) Tanween

A sign in the Quran where Tanween marks are perfectly parallel, indicating the rule of Izhaar.