M&M

How many stages are there in the cell cycle

2

what are the two stages in the cell cycle

interphase and mitosis

what are the 3 substages of interphase

G1, S, and G2

where are somatic cells

in the body of plants and animals

what cells are gametes

sperm and egg

3 main reasons for mitosis

growth, repair, and reproduction

4 substages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

where are chromosomes located

nucleus of eukaryotic cells

what are chromosomes made up of

DNA and proteins

how many chromosomes do humans have

46

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

23

karyotype

graph with all 46 chromosomes

autosomes

all non sex chromosomes

which chromosomes tell what gender you are

sex chromosomes

what if the sex chromosomes were X and Y

male

what if the sex chromosomes were Y and Y

female

What does the DNA look like in the G1 phase

chromatin

what does the DNA look like in the S and G2 pahses

duplicated chromatin

what does chromatin look like

loose DNA

what is the DNA structure during prophase

sister chromatids

what does sister chromatids look like

tightly packed DNA that make an X

what does the DNA look like in anaphase

chromatid

what does chromatid look like

half of a sister chromatid

what is the key feature in G1

the cell grows

what is the key feature in the S phase

DNA replicates

What is the key feature in the G2 phase

cell prepares for mitosis

what happens to the chromosomes in metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

what happens in telophase that is different in plant cells

plant cells seperate by forming a cell plate

what is the pinch between two cells called

cleavage furrow

what is the stage when one cell splits into two

cytokinesis

what is cell division in prokaryotic cells called

binary fission

how does cancer occur

mutations in the genes or by the environment

what are the two ways that mutations can occur

mistakes in DNA replication, or by the environment

what 2 mutations have to happen in order to lead to cancer

unlimited growth, and unlimited division

what is apoptosis

a way that cells can kill themselves

what does benign mean

not harmful

what does malignant mean

harmful

how can cancer be treated

surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation

what kind of cell undergoes meiosis

gametes

what kind of cell undergoes mitosis

somatic cells

what is a diploid cell

a cell with two sets of chromosomes

where do diploid cells get 2 sets of chromosomes

one from mom and one from dad

what type of cells are diploid cells

somatic cells

how are the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell representated

2n

what are haploid cells

a cell with one set of chromosomes

what type of cells are haploid cells

gametes

how are the number of chromosomes in haploid cells represented

n

what is a zygote

when a eukaryotic organism is only one cell

what does one homologous chromosome look like

a sister chromatid

what does a homologous pair of chromosomes look like

two sister chromatids

how many divisions are there in meiosis

2

how many divisions are there in mitosis

1

what is the key feature that happens in prophase 1

homologous chromosomes line up to form a tetrad

what is a tetrad

two pairs of homologous chromosomes are next to each other

what stage does crossing over occur in

prophase 1

why do chromosomes cross over

genetic diversity

what is crossing over

a pair of homologous chromosomes exchange genes

what is independent assortment

the order of how the chromatids line up in metaphase is random

what happens in metaphase 1

tetrads line up at the cells equator

what happens in anaphase 1

homologous pairs seperate

what is it called when homologous chromosome pairs seperate

disjunction

what is the key feature that happens in telophase 1

nuclear membrane reforms

what happens in cytokinesis 1

cell divides into two cells

what is the type of cell that is produced after cytokinesis 1

haploid cell

what happens in prophase 2

nuclear membrane breaks down and chromosomes condense

how is prophase 1 different from prophase 2

no crossing over occurs

what happens in metaphase 2

sister chromatids line up at the cells equator

what happens in anaphase 2

sister chromatids get seperated

what is the key feature of telophase 2

nuclear membrane reforms

what happens in cytokinesis 2

cell splits to make 4 haploid cells

what is the process of males making sperm called

spermatogenesis

what is the process of making gametes called

gametogenesis

what is the process of how females making eggs called

oogenesis

how many cells develop into an egg

1

what happens to the other three cells that can’t become an egg

they die off

what is the only egg called that grows

mature ovum

what are the three other eggs that die off called

polar bodies

what is the failure of chromosomes separating called

nondisjunction

when does nondisjunction occur

metaphase 1 or 2

what is it called when an extra copy of a certain chromosome is made

trisomy

what is it called when there is a missing copy of a chromosome

monosomy

what is another name for down syndrome

trisomy 21

how does down syndrome look different on a karyotype

there is an extra chromosome on chromosome #21

how does klinefelters syndrome look different on a karyotype

an extra X sex chromosome

what is another name for klinefelter’s syndrome

trisomy XXY

what is klinefelter’s syndrome

when there are feminine features on a male

how does turner syndrome look different on a karyotype

a missing X sex chromosome

what is it called when babies in the womb are tested for genetic abnormalities

amniocentesis

what happens to the nuclear membrane during telophase

nuclear envelope reforms

what happens to the chromosomes during telophase

chromosomes go back to chromatin

what happens to the cell membrane during telophase

cell membrane starts to pinch

what happens to the nucleus during prophase

nuclear membrane breaks down

what happens to the chromosomes during prophase

chromatin condenses into sister chromatids

what happens to the centrioles during prophase

moves to opposite sides of the cell

what attaches to what during metaphase

chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers

what happens in metaphase

chromosomes line up on the equator