PHS Final 2026 REVIEW

The heart has _____ chambers.

4

The heart is a muscle.

Heart – a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body

What prevent the backflow of blood?

Valves

The fluid portion of the blood is called _____________________.

Plasma

When blood leaves the left ventricle, it goes through the ______________________.

Aorta

Which blood vessels connect arterioles to venules?

Capillaries

The largest artery in the body is the __________________.

Aorta

The purpose of leukocytes (White Blood Cells) in the blood is to ___________________________.

Fight infection and disease

When blood leaves the right atrium, it must go through the ________________ before entering the right ventricle.

Tricuspid valve

The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called the _____________________.

Arteries

The ________________ divides the heart into right and left sides.

Septum

correct flow of blood through the body starting with the aorta

Aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cava → right atrium

Which blood vessels contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

Veins

The structures located within the lungs include:

Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

The anterior nares are also called the _____________________.

Nostrils

The small hairs that help to entrap and sweep out larger dirt particles are called ______________.

Cilia

The air sacs within the lungs are called ______________.

Alveoli

The large muscle under the chest cavity which pulls down to allow air to enter the lung is called the ___?

Diaphragm

The heart and lungs are found within the ________________ cavity.

Thoracic cavity

Air is diffused through the ____________________ into the bloodstream

Alveoli

The gas that is breathed out in the largest quantity is ________________________.

Carbon dioxide

The nose is divided into a right and left side by a piece of cartilage called the __________________.

Septum

Hiccups are caused by spasms of the _________________________.

Diaphragm

term used when there is no breathing.

Apnea

term used for difficult or painful breathing.

Dyspnea

Biological death, which is irreversible brain damage, occurs ________________.

4–6 minutes without oxygen to the brain

The ovary itself is considered a:

Gonad

A doctor who delivers babies:

Obstetrician

Where is sperm produced in the male?

Testes

This structure is the location where sperm is stored and where it matures:

Epididymis

The structure that carries urine from the bladder to the tip of the penis.

Urethra

The region of the penis that is removed during a circumcision.

Foreskin (prepuce)

Ovulation (the release of an egg) occurs every:

28 days

The region of the uterus that has a narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina.

Cervix

The layer of the uterus where the fertilized egg implants.

Endometrium

Blood reaches the kidneys by:

Renal arteries

The renal cortex of the kidney is the:

Outer layer

Oliguria is:

Decreased urine output

Painful or difficult urination is known as:

Dysuria

Presence of blood in the urine is known as:

Hematuria

The left kidney is normally higher than the right kidney due to:

The liver

After being released from the kidneys, this hormone functions with bone marrow to stimulate mature red blood cell production:

Erythropoietin

The initial site of blood filtration and urine formation is:

Nephron

After food is chewed and mixed with salvia, it is called:

Bolus

A circular muscle between the esophagus and stomach that closes and prevents food from going back up the esophagus is:

Cardiac sphincter

Fingerlike projections that line the walls of the small intestines that absorb digested nutrients:

Villi

The part of the small intestine that receives bile and pancreatic juices:

Duodenum

Food is converted to this semi-fluid material in the stomach:

Chyme

Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

Cholecystectomy

A circular muscle between the stomach and the small intestine that keeps food in the stomach until food is ready to enter the small intestines:

Pyloric sphincter

The glandular organ that secrets bile:

Liver

Fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone and supports joints is:

Ligament

Air spaces in the skull which provide for voice resonance:

Sinuses

Area where the infant has soft spots and cranial bones have not fused:

Fontanels

What are the parts of the axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

scoliosis

Abnormal sideways curvature of the spine

kyphosis

Exaggerated outward curvature of the upper spine (hunchback)

lordosis

Exaggerated inward curvature of the lower spine (swayback)

osteoporosis

Condition where bones become weak and brittle

osteomyelitis

Bone infection

Which muscle is voluntary?

Skeletal muscle

A tough, sheet-like membrane that covers and protects the tissue is a ____.

Fascia

If the leg is moved out to the side away from the body, the movement is ____.

Abduction

If the lower leg is straightened away from the upper leg (line angle is increased), the movement is ____.

Extension

Swinging the arm in a circle is an example of ____.

Circumduction

The muscle on the upper chest that adducts and flexes the upper arm is the ____.

Pectoralis major

The muscle that extends from the ribs to the pubis and compresses the abdomen is the ____.

Rectus abdominis

Elasticity

Ability of muscle to return to original shape

Excitability

Ability to respond to stimulation

Extensibility

Ability to stretch

Tendon

Tissue connecting muscle to bone

Muscle tone

Slight continuous contraction of muscles

Sebaceous gland is another name for ___________________.

Oil gland

Sudoriferous gland is another name for __________________.

Sweat gland

When Zach went to the doctor, he was told that he would get his medicine by wearing patch on his arm. This method of delivering medicine through the skin is called ___________.

Transdermal administration

The brownish-black skin pigment is called _____________________.

Melanin

The absence of skin pigment is called_____________________.

Albinism

Concentrated areas of melanin under the skin are called __________________.

Freckles

A reddened discoloration of the skin is called _________________.

Erythema

A bluish discoloration of the skin is called _____________.

Cyanosis

A yellowish discoloration of the skin is called _____________.

Jaundice

crust

Dried pus, blood, or fluid on the skin (scab)

macule

Flat discolored spot on the skin

papule

Small raised bump on the skin

wheal

Raised itchy area of skin, like a hive