demography
the scientific study if population characteristics
overpopulation
when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard
ecumene
a portion of the earths surface occupied by a permanent human settlement
arithmetic density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
physiological density
the number of people per unit area of arable land which is land suitable for agriculture
agricultural density
the ratio of farmers to the total land suitable for agriculture
crude birth rate (CBR)
the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
crude death rate (CDR)
the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
natural increase rate (NIR)
the percentage of growth of a population in a year computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
doubling time
the number if years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase
total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number if children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
infant mortality rate (IMR)
the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1000 live births in a society
life expectancy
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social economic and medical conditions
demographic transition model (DTM)
a model of the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase and higher total population
agricultural revolution
the time when human beings domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
industrial revolution
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
medical revolution
medical tech invented in europe and north america that has diffused to the poorer countries in latin america, asia and africa
zero population growth (ZPG)
a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
population pyramid
a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex
dependency ratio
the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
elderly support ratio
the number if working age people (ages 15-64) divided by number of people 65 and older
sex ratio
the number of males per 100 females in the population
epidemiological transition model (ETM)
the process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of demographic transition
pandemic
disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
Mirgration
a permanent move to a new location
emigration
migration from a location
immigration
migration to a new location
net migration
the difference between the level of immigration and the level or emigration
circulation
types of short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily, monthly or annually
ravenstein’s laws
laws/generalizations about where and why migrants move
push factor
a factor that induces people to move out of their present location
pull factor
a factor that attracts people to move to that place
refugee
someone who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership to a social or political group
intervening obstacle
an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
international migration
the permanent movement from one country to another
voluntary migration
choosing to move usually attracted by a pull factor like economic benifit
forced migration
compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors
internal migration
permanent movement within a particular country
interregional migration
migration from one region of a country to another region of that country
intraregional migration
movement within one region
migration transition model
model that shows a change in migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth and other social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition
chain migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
quotas
in reference to migration, a law that places a maximum limit on the number of people that can migrate to a country per year
brain drain
large scale emigration by talented people
guest workers
a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of northern and western europe, usually from southern and eastern europe or from north africa in search of higher paying jobs
nativism
a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants
counter-urbanization
net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
remittances
the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated