BS161 Exam 1- bonds and forces

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions from the lecture on bonds, forces, and functional groups relevant for exam preparation.

Bond

An interaction between two atoms.

Energy released in bond formation

When a bond forms, energy is released.

Entropy during bond formation

When a bond forms, the entropy of the system increases.

Covalent bond

A type of bond that exists within molecules as opposed to between molecules.

Electronegativity

The ability of atoms to attract electrons.

Order of electronegativity

Oxygen > Nitrogen > Carbon ≅ Hydrogen.

Nonpolar covalent bond

A bond in which the valence electrons are equally shared between two atoms.

Polar covalent bond

A bond in which the valence electrons are unequally shared between two atoms.

Ionic interaction

An interaction between atoms with full, opposite charges (ions).

Ion-dipole interaction

An interaction between a fully charged atom and an atom with an opposite partial charge.

Hydrogen bond

An interaction between a hydrogen with a permanent partial positive charge and a more electronegative atom (typically O or N) with a permanent partial negative charge.

Hydrophobic effect

The tendency of hydrophobic molecules to group together in the presence of water.

London Dispersion Forces (LDF)

An extremely weak interaction between atoms that have temporary opposite charges.

Functional groups

A set of atoms commonly found in organic molecules that give molecules key properties.

Hydroxyl group

A functional group with structure OH.

Carbonyl group

A functional group with structure CO.

Carboxyl group

A functional group denoted as COOH or COO-, typically charged at the pH of the cell.

Amino group

A functional group denoted as NH, NH2, or +NH3, charge depends on context.

Methyl group

A functional group with structure CH3.

Phosphate group

A functional group with structure OPO3 2-, typically charged at the pH of the cell.