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Mentifact

The abstract concepts or ideas of a culture, such as beliefs and values.

Sociofact

The social structures or organizations within a culture.

Folk culture

Tradition-based culture typically found in rural areas.

Indigenous culture

Cultural traditions and practices of the indigenous peoples.

Popular culture

Mainstream cultural practices that are widely accepted and consumed.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of cultural traits through a population in a more or less fixed area.

Distance decay

The diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Friction of distance

distance grows, connectivity and exchange between places decrease

Time-space convergence (compression)

relative distance between places to shrink due to advancements in transportation and communication technology, making the world feel smaller and more interconnected

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Syncretism

The combination of different forms of beliefs or practices.

Creolization / Creole language

The process of creating a new language that evolves from mixing languages.

Pidgin language

A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different native languages.

Cultural imperialism

The practice of promoting one culture over another, often through dominant media or economic power.

Multiculturalism

A perspective that recognizes the value of diverse cultures within a society.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Ethnicity

A shared cultural heritage or identity based on common ancestry.

Ethnic island

A small, homogeneous area typically populated by a single ethnic group.

Diaspora

The dispersion of a particular group of people from their original homeland.

Placemaking

The process of creating quality places that people want to live, work, play, and learn in.

Sequent occupancy

The concept that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place.

Isogloss

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.

Lingua franca

A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Indigenous language

A language that is native to a region and spoken by its original inhabitants.

Toponym

The name of a place or geographical feature.

Universalizing religion

A religion that seeks to gain adherents worldwide by appealing to all people.

Ethnic religion

A religion that is specific to a particular ethnic group and does not seek to convert others.

Branch / Denomination / Adherent

A group within a religion that shares distinct beliefs or practices.

Secular / Atheist

A belief system that rejects religious beliefs or practices.

Animism / Shamanism

Religious beliefs relating to the worship of spirits present in nature.

Monotheism / Polytheism

The belief in a single deity versus the belief in multiple deities.

Pilgrimage / Sacred site

A journey to a sacred place for religious reasons.

Taboo

A social or religious custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.

Cultural divergence / convergence

Cultural divergence refers to the differentiation of cultures over time, while cultural convergence refers to the merging of cultures.