Digestive system

Live length of intestines… dead stretches out

9 M 27-30 ft

General functions of the digestive system

Breaks food into smallest Chemical parts

Neutralizes food

Deglutition

Peristalsis

Absorption

Extra enzymes added

Defecation

ATP Produced

Hormones from primary and accessory organs

How does the disgestive system break down food

By mechanical force called mastication - crush,tear,cut

Adding Chemicals - enzymes(proteins from saliva gastric juice liver and pancreas) water bicarbonates to adjust PH HCI mucus bacterial yeast secretions

How does the digestive system neutralize food

Brings food to a PH of 7 by using bicarbonates water and mucus (ph9)

What is deglutition

Swallowing liquids and solid foods as soft bolus balls

The tongue starts the swallowing process by root lifting to soft palate .. oropharynx

Peristalsis

T muscularis squeezes foods to move food through GI tract

Absorption

Of nutrients water vitamins in small intestine only!!!!

Extra enzymes are added in to aid In absorption by

Liver pancreas bacteria and yeast

What is defectation

Eliminate partially digested foods by compacting with removal of water into a solid waste product = feces

What is feces

80% bacteria

20% food wastes

What does the kidney do in the digestive system

Removes liquid digestive wastes excreted from cells into blood plasma

ATP is produced by

Foods when metabolized in every mitochondria of every cell

Used as energy for doing cell functions

Hormones produced by digestive organs

Stomach small intestine duo

Liver and pancreas

Hormones produced by accessory organs

Thyroid adrenals pituitary skin and fat pads

What are the major enzymes produced by digestive organs

Sugars

Starches

Fats and lipids

Proteins

Sugars are

Sucrose = sucrose

Lactose = lactase

Proteins that speeds up or slows down chemical reactions

Starches

Amylase

Glycogenase

Fats and lipids

Lipase

Proteins

Protease

Kinase

Pepsin

What are the primary organs of the digestive system

Labia oris superior and inferior

Gingiva gums

Hard and soft palate

Cheek

Tongue

Oropharynx

Larynopharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Secondary organs of the digestive system

Teeth

Salivary glands

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Ducts

Appendix

5 digestive membranes

Body adipose

Anal sphincters

Endocrine organs - pit gland, thyroid, adrenals, skin

What is the labia oris and specific tissue

Superior and inferior lips - st sq et

What is the flap of skin that holds the lips to bones

Labial frenulum

What is gingiva and its purpose

The gums- thin skin that covers and protects the bones

What is the top of inside mouth called and what are the ridges on it called

Hard palate - raphe

What is the thin skin called under tongue

Soft palate

What specific tissue is the soft palate made of

Hyaline elastic cart CT

The cheek with chewing muscles are called

Buccinator, masseter - SKMT

The tongue has what 3 specific areas

Tip, fundus, root

What are the projections on the tongue called

Papillae

What is the inferior flap of skin that keeps the tongue in the correct position

Lingual frenulum

What has thin skin lines that begins the “throat” area under the uvula

What specific tissue is this

Oropharynx

St sq et

What area has thin skin lines called the food tube that is posterior and inferior to the larynx

What specific tissue is this

Laryngopharynx

St sq et

What has thin skin lines that performs peristalsis of food bolus to the stomach

What specific tissue is this

Esophagus

St sq et

What are the 3 specific areas of the stomach and what tissue is it

Cardiac, fundic (body), pyloric

S col et

What are the 3 specific areas of the small intestine and what tissue are they

Duodenum, jejenum, ileum

S col et

What is another name for the large intestine

Colon, cecum

What are the 5 areas of the large intestine and what specific tissue for each

Ascending s Col et

Transverse s Col et

Descending s Col et

Sigmoid s Col et

Rectum s Col et/st sq et

What specific tissue are teeth made of

Bone ct

Baby teeth are called and how many

Deciduous/milk

20

Adult teeth are called and how many

Permanent/nondeciduous

32-36

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands and what specific tissue are they

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual/submaxillary

S cube et

What secretion is in parotid

Serous

What secretion is in submandibular

Serous and mucous

What secretion is in sublingual/ submaxillary

Mucous

What are the 4 lobes of the liver and what specific tissue

Right superior

Left superior

Medial

Caudate

S cube et

What organ is filled with bile and green in color, what tissue

Gallbladder s cube et

What is always shaped like a sideways L, inferior to the stomach and lateral to duo only

What tissue

Pancreas s cube et

How many ducts are secondary digestive organs and their names

What tissue

4 simple cube et or Col et

Liver - hepatic duct

Gallbladder - cystic duct

Pancreas - pancreatic duct

Duo wall- common duo duct

What is the vermiform sac called at the start of the ascending colon and what tissue

Appendix s Col et

What are the 5 digestive membranes and what tissue are they

Greater and lesser omentum

Mesentery

Colorectal

Parietal and visceral peritoneum

S sq et/drct

Body adipose are

Fat pads ACT

What are the two Anal sphincters and what tissue

External - SKMT

Internal - SMT

Endocrine glands give off

Hormones

Every organ except _________ have s sq ET covering it

Teeth

Peristalsis is what cranial nerve

CN X 10

What layer does peristalsis

Tunica muscularis

_________ nerves come in and __________ nerves come out

Afferent

Efferent

________ carry oxygen food and hormones in to caps _______ come out from caps with waste products like co2 and hormones

Arteries

Veins

The smallest artery is called

A capillary

The PH of mucus is

9

What type of cell inside the stomach neutralizes acids and adjusts mucus to 9

Goblet cells s Col et

What cell in stomach has HCL hydocloric acid and has a PH of 2 that breaks down fats and proteins

Parietal cell

What cell in the stomach has bicarbonates and adjust PH to 7

makes carb enzymes, protein enzymes-Pepsin

Chief cell

What is an enzyme

Pieces of protein when added to food to break down or add

What cell in the stomach has a nucleolus RNA in the nucleus, that turn into 5 hormones, makes hormones that get picked up by capillaries to go through veins throughout body

APUDS - endoentriac cells - have a target nucleus

All secretions in the middle of the stomach are called _______ and have what PH

Gastric juice

PH 3-4

Gastric juice plus food is called ________ with what PH

Chyme PH 5

What are the 5 hormones of the stomach

Gastrin

Serotonin

Gherlin

Cholestokinson

Intristic factor B12

What does the stomach hormones gastrin do

Stimulates parietal cells to make HCL

What does the stomach hormone serotonin do

Stimulates muscle contractions in the stomach wall

What does the stomach hormone gherlin do

Goes to hypothalamus to suppress appetite

What does the stomach hormone cholestokinson do

Stimulates release of bile from the liver and gallbladder

What does the stomach hormone intristic factor b12 do

In the duo, stimulates uptake of carbon from foods to help vitamin b12 uptake in duo

What hormones are in the pancreas

Insulin, glucagon

What does the pancreas hormone insulin do

Glucose utilization/uptake by cells from blood

Islets of langerhans- beta cells

What does the pancreas hormone glucagon do

Raises blood glucose levels

Islets- alpha cells

What hormone is found in the liver

Angiogensinogen

What does the liver hormone angiotensinogen do

Precursor to angiotensin II - vasoconstrictor

Precursor to angiotensin I - vasodilator

What hormone comes from the thalamus

Leptin

What does the thalamus hormone leptin (fat hormone) do

Regulates metabolism of fats in adipocytes

Regulates body temp

What hormone comes from the skin

Provitamin D3

What does the skin hormone provitamin D3 do

Stimulates uptake of carbon in duo

What hormones come from the duodenum

Intest gastrin

Secretin

Cholecystikinin

What does the duo hormone intest gastrin do

Stops gastrin and HCL production

What does the duo hormone secretin do

Stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate

Stimulates liver to release bile

What does the duo hormone cholecystokinin do

Relaxes sphincters from pancreas/liver to allow bicarbonates and bile to enter the duo

The duodenum does what

Absorbs carbs and water liquids, also vitamins that dissolve in water (b,c)

What does the jejunum do

Absorbs fats and oils

Fat soluable vitamins K A D E

What does the ileum do

Absorbs proteins and minerals like copper

Destroys bacteria or viruses in protein - called lymphocytes

Enzymes plus antibodies is called

Proteins

The first expanded area in the large intestine is called

Cecum

What two curves are in the large intestine

Hepatic curve and splenic curve

What is the anus

The lumen of the rectum