social psychology complex exam 1

1. Name the External-Stable attribute:

A. Effort.

B. Luck.

C. Ability.

D. Task difficulty.

D

2. The two-step model of the attribution process involves dispositional attributes that are _____ and situational variables that require ______.

A. Automatic, conscious adjustment.

B. Conscious, automatic adjustment.

C. Specific, generalisation.

D. General, specification.

A

3. Attributions are often distinguished on the basis of whether they are perceived to be caused by internal or external factors. As well as internal versus external attributions, attributions can also be subdivided in terms of:

A. Retrospective and prospective.

B. Forward and backward.

C. Stability and ability.

D. Stability and controllability.

D

4. According to Harold Kelley'stheory of attributions, the three dimensions on which we examine information are:

A. Relevance, consistency, consensus.

B. Distinctiveness, consensus, relevance.

C. Distinctiveness, consistency, relevance.

D. Distinctiveness, consensus, consistency.

D

5. According to the theory of correspondent inferences:

A. We tend to infer that people's intentions and dispositions correspond to their actions.

B. Those who have similar values tend to make the same attributions about others.

C. We tend to infer that people's intentions and dispositions correspond to our own intentions and dispositions.

D. We tend to infer that people share the same underlying motives and values.

A

6. According to ______ theory, when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behaviour.

A. Self-protection.

B. Self-evaluation.

C. Self-development.

D. Self-perception.

D

7. Attribution theories suggest that people prefer to make internal attributions. Why is it?

A. Because internal attributions are perceived to be better for predicting behaviour.

B. Because internal attributions make the perceiver feel better.

C. Because people don't like thinking about situational factors.

D. Because internal attributions are faster.

A

8. According to Weiner, we attribute our success and failures to all the following EXCEPT:

A. Luck.

B. Opportunities.

C. Task difficulty.

D. Ability.

B

9. Ability is considered a(n) ______ and _____ attribute:

A. Stable and external.

B. Unstable and external.

C. Stable and internal.

D. Unstable and internal.

C

10. A(n) ______ attribution is one which locates the cause of some behaviour as being within the perceiver, i.e.: personality, mood, attributes or abilities.

A. Situational.

B. External.

C. Outward.

D. Internal.

D

1. When people are cognitively busy, for example when they are busy self-regulating, how will this affect their attributions about others' behaviour?

A. They will pay more attention to the context or situation.-->correct

B. They will pay less attention to the person's actual behaviour.

C. They will make more dispositional attributions. -> correct.

D. Both the first and the last.

D

2. In-group bias is the:

A. Tendency to conform to the social harmony of a group.

B. Tendency to favour your own group.

C. Tendency to perform worse when others are watching.

D. Tendency to see other members of a group as similar.

E. Tendency to perform better when others are watching.

B

3. When you fail a test and believe that the test was too hard, but when a friend fails the same test it was because he or she did not study enough. This is an example of which type of attribution process:

A. Just world hypothesis.

B. Self-serving bias.

C. Actor-observer bias.

D. Fundamental attribution error.

C

4. ______ are automatically created cognitive frameworks that help guide the way we think about and understand the world around us.

A. Lenses.

B. Schemas.

C. Filters.

D. Primers.

B

5. According to Harold Kelley's theory of attributions, the three dimensions on which we examine information are:

A. Relevance, consistency, consensus.

B. Distinctiveness, consensus, relevance.

C. Distinctiveness, consistency, relevance.

D. Distinctiveness, consensus, consistency.

D

6. For a school debate, Sally has been asked to argue in favour of capital punishment. Research on the fundamental attribution error suggests that observers of Sally's speech will conclude that her arguments:

A. Reflect a tendency to present herself favourably.

B. Reflect her true attitude on the topic.

C. Will lead her to experience cognitive dissonance.

D. Are weak because she was assigned to present a particular position on the topic.

B

7. What did Schacter and Singer(1962) find in their study that began this line of research?

A. Participants who were given epinephrine and not given accurate information about the side effects reported feeling euphoric or angry.

B. participants who were given epinephrine and were given accurate information about the side effects reported feeling euphoric or angry.

C. Participants who were not given epinephrine and were given accurate information about the side effects reported feeling euphoric.

D. None of the above.

A

8. Name an internal-unstable attribution:

A. Task difficulty.

B. Ability.

C. Luck.

D. Effort.

D

9. Jones and Davis(1965) proposed which theory?

A. Internal-external dichotomy theory.

B. Attribution theory.

C. Social desirability theory.

D. Covariation model.

E. Theory of planned behaviour.

F. Correspondent inference theory.

F

10. People from collectivist cultures are more likely than Western cultures to:

A. Offer dispositional explanations for someone's actions.

B. Offer self-serving explanations for their own behaviour.

C. Engage in self-handicapping.

D. Offer situational explanations for someone's actions.

D

11. According to self-discrepancy theory, which of the following emotions is most likely to result from a discrepancy between the actual and the ought self?

A. Guilt.

B. Pride.

C. Sadness.

D. Anger.

A

12. Attribution theories suggest that people prefer to make internal attributions. Why is this?

A. Because internal attributions make the perceiver feel better.

B. Because people don't like thinking about situational factors. -> incorrect

C. Because internal attributions are perceived to be better for predicting behaviour. -> correct

D. Because internal attributions are faster.

C

13. Barbara was really shocked when her candidate was not elected. She had assumed that everyone felt as she did and supported her candidate's ideas. This is an example of the:

A. Self-serving bias.

B. False consensus effect.

C. Unrealistic optimism.

D. Actor-observer bias.

B

Two girls, Anna and Julia, are talking, Anna mentions to Julia that one of her (Julia's) friends is suspected of cheating on a test. Julia tells Anna that her friend is a very nice and honest person and couldn't do anything like that. Julia's response to Anna is an example of:

A. None of the above.

B. Observer bias.

C. Halo effect.

D. All of the above.

E. Perceived similarity.

C

15. Blaming the victim for what happens to them is an example of which attribution bias?

A. False consensus effect.

B. Belief perseverance.

C. Belief in just a world.

D. Availability heuristic.

C

17. Remembering with great clarity the last thing someone says is an example of the _______.

A. Halo effect.

B. Primacy effect.

C. Recency effect.

D. Horn effect.

C

The configural model was developed by Solomon Asch?

A. True.

B. False.

A

19. The belief in just a world results in which attributions?

A. Internal factors are responsible for behaviour.

B. Good things happened to good people and bad things with bad people.

C. External factors are responsible for behaviour.

D. Inconsistent behaviour results from attempts to restore equilibrium.

E. Behaviour alters attitudes.

B

20. Those who make dispositional attribution regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political position that:

A. Offer more direct support to the poor.

B. Tend to blame the poor for their problems.

C. Are rather neutral regarding poverty and unemployment.

B

1. Stereotype threat is defined as _______.

A. The fear that you will confirm negative stereotypes about a group you belong to.

B. The threat that people who are stereotyped feel.

C. The fear that others will stereotype you because of your race.

D. The fear that you will stereotype others because of their race.

A

2. According to self-discrepancy theory, which of the following is most likely to result from a discrepancy between the actual and the ideal self?

A. Disappointment.

B. Guilt.

C. Anger.

D. Pride.

A

The Illusory correlation is:

A. A false belief that two variables are associated.

B. None of the above.

C. A type of prototype classification.

D. Over generalisation of one variable to populations.

A

4. A necessary for stereotyping to occur is:

A. An incorrect image of a group.

B. A negative image of a group.

C. Social categorization.

D. Discrimination.

C

5. Heider grouped all attribution explanations into two categories:

A. Conscious and unconscious.

B. Inherited and learned.

C. Personal and situational.

D. Simplex and complex.

C

6. Barbara was really shocked when her candidate was not elected. She had assumed that everyone felt as she did and supported her candidate's ideas. This is an example of the:

A. Self-serving bias.

B. False consensus effect.

C. Unrealistic optimism.

D. Actor-observer bias.

B

7. Which of the following situations is in balanced?

A. I like Bin Laden, he likes the world, I don't like the world.

B. I don't like Bin Laden, he likes the world, I don't like the world.

C. I like Bin Laden, he doesn't like the world, I like the world.

B

8. What is not a function of attitude from the followings?

A. Knowledge.

B. Value-expressive.

C. Cognitive.

D. Ego defensive.

C

Fred notices Amy screaming at a rock concert. Since many people are also screaming and Amy does not scream in most situations, Kelley's covariation theory would predict that Fred would most likely attribute Amy's screaming to ______ factors.

A. Situational.

B. Physical.

C. Internal.

D. Perceptual.

A

The outgroup homogeneity effect occurs when we perceive people in our group to be _____ and everyone in other group to be ______.

A. Superior, inferior.

B. Different, the same.

C. The same, different.

D. Inferior, superior.

B

At first Jimmy did not like his teacher, but after sitting in this teacher's class for a number of weeks Jimmy as started to like his teacher. This new perspective would be an example of:

A. Diffusion of responsibility.

B. Bystander effect.

C. Ethnocentrism.

D. Mere-exposure effect.

E. In-group bias.

D

From the following what theory is not part of the theories of cognitive consistency.

A. Theory of symmetry.

B. Balance theory.

C. Covariation theory.

D. Theory of cognitive congruity.

C

Francesca's favorable attitude toward the death penalty began to change when she was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a public speaking class. Her attitude adjustment is best explained by what theory?

A. Schachter's two factors.

B. Opponent process.

C. Social exchange.

D. Judgement.

E. Cognitive dissonance.

E

Which of the following is an example of an illusory correlation?

A. Rich people are aloof and unfriendly.

B. My friend's attitudes and opinions are similar to mine.

C. I've had many winning streaks at Harrahs Casiono.

A

What are the components of the attitude - according to the three-component model?

A. Evaluation, intention, cognition.

B. Emotion, behaviour, evaluation.

C. Behaviour, cognition, evaluation.

D. Behaviour, intention, emotion.

C

Those who make dispositional attribution regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political position that:

A. Offer more direct support to the poor.

B. Tend to blame the poor for their problems.

C. Are rather neutral regarding poverty and unemployment.

B

Concept of stereotype was first coined by Walter Lippman.

A. True.

B. False.

A

According to the accentuation principle.

A. People tend to homogenise ingroup members while seeing outgroup as a distinctive entity.

B. People tend to view their ingroup more complex than outgroup as a result of social comparison.

C. People tend to overemphasise the difference between categories and amplify similarities within the category's members.

C

Elena was the only child in the family and she was a home-schooled student. She never knew how intelligent she was until she was awarded a college scholarship. Why didn't she realize how smart she was prior to this?

A. She had a differentiated self-schema.

B. She had a unified self-schema.

C. She suffered from relative deprivation.

D.She had no one to compare herself to.

D

What statement is not true for "Distinctiveness or data-based illusory correlation".

A. The information that are easy to retrieve are more informative.

B. Based on the availability heuristic.

C. Happens when two relative infrequent events are co-occurred.

D. Happens as an application of existing knowledge.

D

. According to the theory of cognitive congruity in case of inconsistency...

A. There is a change in evaluation concerning both object and source but changing of evaluation of object is even stronger.

B. There is a change in evaluation concerning both object and source but changing evaluation of source is even stronger.

C. Individuals tend to rebalance the incongruency by changing their attitude only toward the source.

D. Individuals tend to rebalance the incongruency by changing their attitude only toward the object.

A

Conducted an experiment about cognitive dissonance where participants performed a boring task and were then asked to lie and tell the next subject they enjoyed the task.

A. Allport and Gordon.

B. Festinger and Carlsmith.

C. Kelley and Heider.

D. Jones and Davis.

B

Which of these best describes Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory?

A. The perceived similarity between helper and victim increases helping behavior.

B. People tend to see relations between things that are actually unrelated.

C. Inconsistent thoughts cause tension which drives the person to change his attitudes so that consistency is restored.

D. People tend to attribute their successes to their own personal qualities and attribute their failures to external causes.

C

Grant grew up believing that tall people are more athletic than short people because that is what his parents told him. What is this an example of?

A. Social learning.

B. Prejudicial learning.

C. Motivational learning.

D. Moral learning.

A

. The theory of how we explain others' behavior is known as

a. impression theory

b. inferential analysis theory

c. cognitive dissonance theory

d. attribution theory

d

According to the theory of correspondent inferences,

a. we tend to infer that people's intentions and dispositions correspond to their actions

b. we tend to infer that people's intentions and dispositions correspond to our own intentions and dispositions

c. we tend to infer that people share the same underlying motives and values

d. those who have similar values tend to make the same attributions about others

A

For a school debate, Sally has been asked to argue in favor of capital punishment. Research on the fundamental attribution error suggests that observers of Sally's speech will conclude that her arguments

a. reflect her true attitude on the topic

b. reflect a tendency to present herself favorably

c. are weak because she was assigned to present a particular position on the topic

d. will lead her to experience cognitive dissonance

A

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner dispositions upon another's behavior is called

a. the self-serving bias

b. the false consensus bias

c. the fundamental attribution error

d. cognitive conceit

C

Evidence of the reasonable manner in which we form judgments of one another comes from research on

a. informational influence

b. personal space

c. the mere-exposure effect

d. information integration

D

When subjects were told that a clinical psychology graduate student had been instructed to act in a friendly manner or in an aloof, critical manner, they judged

a. that the graduate student's aloof manner reflected her personality but the friendly behavior was due to the situation

b. both the friendly and aloof behaviors to have a situational cause

c. that both the friendly and aloof behaviors reflected the student's true dispositions

d. that the aloof behavior was due to the situation but the friendly behavior reflected her true disposition

C

People from collectivist cultures are more likely than Western cultures to

a. offer situational explanations for someone's actions

b. offer dispositional explanations for someone's actions

c. engage in self-handicapping

d. offer self-serving explanations for their own behavior

A

There is a tendency to attribute the causes of ____________ behavior to the situation and to attribute the causes of _____________ behavior to traits.

a. our own; others'

b. others'; our own

c. children's; adults

d. males'; females'

A

Our tendency to attribute others' behavior to their personal characteristics is reduced when we

a. view a videotape of the behavior recorded from their perspective

b. make judgments about criminal behavior

c. are high in self-efficacy

d. make judgments about academic performance

A

According to Harold Kelley's theory of attributions, the three factors that influence whether we attribute someone's behavior to internal or external causes are

a. distinctiveness, consensus, relevance

b. distinctiveness, consensus, consistency

c. relevance, consistency, consensus

d. distinctiveness, consistency, relevance

B

According to the text, the fundamental attribution error may lead us to

a. overestimate the brilliance of our teachers

b. fail to hold people responsible for their misconduct

c. be lenient with convicted criminals

d. underestimate our own compassion

A

People who were shown the random mix of results from a 50-day cloud-seeding experiment made judgments that showed

a. an illusory correlation

b. the base-rate fallacy

c. the misinformation effect

d. counterfactual thinking

A

Women's friendliness is especially likely to be misread as a sexual come-on by men who

a. have no sisters

b. are in positions of power

c. have low self-esteem

d. have liberal political attitudes

B

Our tendency to ignore information that describes most people and to be influenced instead by distinctive features of the case being judged is called the

a. overconfidence phenomenon

b. hindsight bias

c. distinctiveness fallacy

d. base-rate fallacy

B

In a study of eyewitness testimony in which students were shown a film of a traffic accident and then asked questions about what they saw, results indicated that

a. what students recalled was shaped by the wording of the questions

b. students' memories were precise copies of what they had seen

c. what students recalled was a function of both their intelligence and the vividness of the film

d. students who had themselves been involved in a similar accident viewed the film differently from students who had never been involved in an accident

A

The more closely we examine our theories and explain how they might be true,

a. the more uncertain we become of them

b. the more closed we become to discrediting information

c. the more open we are likely to become to discrediting information

d. the more complex our theories are likely to become

B

The tendency of people to cling to their ideas even in the face of contrary evidence is called the

a. belief perseverance phenomenon

b. availability heuristic

c. belief assimilation phenomenon

d. denial paradox

A

The Kulechov effect in which people perceive different emotions in an actor's face illustrates

a. the availability heuristic

b. memory construction

c. our use of useless information

d. how preconceptions control our interpretations

D

The tendency of people to cling to their ideas even in the face of contrary evidence can be reduced by having them

a. study the hindsight bias

b. study the evidence more carefully

c. participate in a debate

d. explain why the opposite idea might be true

D

One study found that when students spent 15 minutes talking with someone and later informed that the person reported liking them, they

a. recalled the person's behavior as relaxed, comfortable and happy

b. recalled the person's behavior as nervous, uncomfortable, and not so happy

c. reported that they believed the other person to be very similar to them in values and attitudes

d. distrusted the person's self-report, attributing it to an act of ingratiation

A

The study involving Catholic women who were given a mildly sexual explicit passage and then subliminally flashed either a picture of the Pope frowning, a stranger frowning, or a blank screen illustrates that

a. thinking is partly automatic

b. memory is reconstructive

c. preconceptions shape interpretations

d. beliefs can be self-fulfilling

A

When writer Chuck Ross mailed a typewritten copy of Jerzy Kosinski's novel to 28 publishers and literary agencies to consider for publication,

a. he was accused of plagiarism

b. most did not recognize it and wanted to publish it

c. all rejected it including the original publisher

d. all but the original publisher rejected it

C

Giving people immediate feedback on the accuracy of their judgments

a. has successfully reduced the overconfidence bias

b. has shown no effect on the overconfidence bias

c. reduces overconfidence bias in children but not in adults

d. undermines their self-confidence and leads them to make worse errors in judgment

A

Research indicates that participants in self-improvement programs show ______________ improvement on average and claim they received _____________ improvement.

a. considerable; modest

b. modest; considerable

c. modest; modest

d. considerable; considerable

B

The incorrect belief that the letter "k" appears more often as the first letter of a word than as the third letter can be understood in terms of

a. the availability heuristic

b. hindsight bias

c. regression toward the average

d. the illusion of control

A

After a 1990 football game between Alabama and Auburn, victorious Alabama fans viewed __________________ than did the losing Auburn fans.

a. war as more likely and advantageous to the United States

b. war as less likely and potentially devastating

c. a college degree as less necessary and enriching

d. a college degree as more valuable and enriching

B

Tversky and Kahneman have identified ___________________________ as a possible cause of the illusion of control.

a. schemata

b. base-rate fallacy

c. self-fulfilling prophecy

d. regression toward the average

D

Studies of experimenter bias and teacher expectations have revealed the presence of

a. hindsight bias

b. illusory correlation

c. self-fulfilling prophecy

d. a fundamental attribution error

C

Nisbett and Ross believe that education could reduce our vulnerability to errors in social thinking and should include

a. teaching useful slogans such as "It's an empirical question"

b. teaching that is illustrated with vivid anecdotes and examples

c. statistics courses that are geared to everyday problems of logic

d. all of the above

D

The textbook states that a large drop in prices on the stock market sometimes illustrates

a. the representativeness heuristic

b. the availability heuristic

c. the overconfidence phenomenon

d. self-fulfilling prophecy

D

You notice that Mary has missed class and you commit the fundamental attribution error by thinking,

a. Mary has been required to work overtime

b. Mary is lazy

c. Mary's friends stopped by her room unexpectedly

d. Mary has the flu

B

As a result of making the fundamental attribution error you might be likely to favor

a. increases in unemployment benefits

b. increases in international aid to poor countries

c. more severe penalties for criminal offenses

d. victim compensation laws

C

Although Fred was certain he answered at least 50 items correctly on his history test, he actually was right on only 40 items. Fred's misjudgment illustrates

a. the self-fulfilling prophecy

b. the hindsight bias

c. the overconfidence phenomenon

d. regression toward the average

C

Linda is 31, single, and outspoken. As a college student she was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues. A tendency to conclude that it is more likely that Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement than simply a bank teller illustrates the powerful influence of

a. belief perseverance

b. the availability heuristic

c. regression toward the average

d. the representativeness heuristic

d

Despite reading solid research evidence that cigarette smoking causes cancer, Philip continues to believe that smoking is harmless. Philip's thinking clearly reveals

a. belief assimilation

b. belief consolidation

c. belief perseverance

d. operation of the availability heuristic

c

Many people firmly believe in astrology's ability to predict the future. Assuming they are presented a history of an astrologer's past predictions which in actuality show a random mix of success and failure, they are likely to

a. believe the astrologer is successful

b. question this astrologer's predictive ability but still believe in the validity of astrology

c. become very defensive

d. give up their belief in the validity of astrology

A

Bob, a baseball player, makes five hits while Joe, a member of the same team, makes none in a particular game. In the next game both obtain one hit. What term used in the text explains Bob's fewer hits and Joe's increase

a. overconfidence bias

b. base-rate fallacy

c. regression to the average

d. Schemata

C

What psychological term might best be used to describe the rule "I before E except after C"?

a. base-rate fallacy

b. hindsight bias

c. illusion of control

d. Heuristic

D

A person enters a casino and after inserting one silver dollar in a slot machine hits the jackpot. This person's tendency to continue putting money into the machine so that finally the amount lost exceeds the original winnings can perhaps best be explained in terms of

a. self-fulfilling prophecy

b. regression toward the average

c. illusion of control

d. hindsight bias

C

The people in a small town become convinced that the bank where they have their savings accounts is unsound. The next day most of them demand their savings. By the end of the day the bank is unable to pay off all those who want their deposits. This is an example of

a. regression toward the average

b. self-fulfilling prophecy

c. the hindsight bias

d. illusory correlation

B

Leader's actions do not have an effect on the organizational culture.

True

True.

False.

False

Write down the three Weber principles:

- Hierarchy.

- Written communication.

- Objectivity and depersonalization.

What is not a solution for Immediate crisis?

1.Inform people about progress in resolving the problem.

2.Quickly diagnose the cause of the problem.

3.Activate the underlying assumptions of the organizational culture.

4.Identify relevant solutions.

3

Which one is not a solution for Weak task commitment?

1.Set challenging goals.

2.Appeal to employee values and emotions.

3.Encouraging the Laissez-faire style.

4.Provide desirable incentives based on performance.

3.

According to Simon Sinek, leadership is more like a choice than a formal position.

True.

False.

true

According to Schein, organizational culture and leadership are the two sides of the same coin.

True.

False.

true

In order to create a sense of unity a leader must be the prototype for the group.

True.

False.

true?