National 5 Biology - Cell Biology
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34 Terms
What is a cell?
The basic unit of life
What is the function of a cell wall?
To give the cell structure and support
What is the function of a cell membrane?
To control the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It is the site of chemical reactions
What is the function of the nucleus?
To control cell activities and store genetic information
What is the function of a ribosome?
It is the site of protein synthesis
What is the function of the mitochondria?
It is the site of aerobic respiration
What is the function of the vacuole?
It stores water, sugar, and salts
What is the function of the chlorophyll?
It is the site of photosynthesis
What is the function of a plasmid?
To give the cell extra genes which are beneficial
What is the cell wall made of in plant cells?
Cellulose
What is the cell wall made of in bacterial and fungal cells?
Other materials
What does an animal cell lack that other cell types have?
A cell wall
What does a bacterial cell lack that other cell types have?
A nucleus
What does the cell membrane consist of?
A phospholipid bilayer with proteins interspersed throughout
What does it mean that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?
It only allows small, soluble molecules to pass through it
What does passive transport not require?
Energy
What does active transport require?
Energy
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration
What is osmosis?
The passive movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
What is active transport?
A process which requires energy for membrane proteins to move molecules and ions from a lower concentration to a higher concentration, against the concentration gradient
Name three things which would diffuse into a cell.
Oxygen, glucose, and amino acids
Name two things which would diffuse out of a cell.
Carbon dioxide and urea
What will happen to a red blood cell placed in pure water?
It will gain water by osmosis and burst
What will happen to a red blood cell placed in salt solution?
It will lose water by osmosis and shrivel up
What will happen to a plant cell placed in pure water?
It will gain water by osmosis and become turgid
What will happen to a plant cell placed in salt solution?
It will lose water by osmosis and become plasmolysed
What is the structure of DNA?
Double-stranded helix held by complementary base pairs
What are the four bases of DNA?
Adenosine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine
How do the four bases of DNA pair?
A always pairs with T and C always pairs with G
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a protein
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids
Where are proteins synthesised?
At ribosomes
Where is DNA found?
In the nucleus (it cannot leave the nucleus)