Adult Language Disorders Midterm Key Components 3

To be edited

External Stimuli

Examples include scents like baking bread or sensations like stubbing a toe.

Internal Stimuli

Examples include hunger sensations like a grumbling stomach and feelings of fullness after eating.

Olfactory Stimuli

Chemical compounds that trigger the sense of smell.

Gustatory Stimuli

Chemical substances that trigger the sensation of taste.

Capacity Limitation

Restrictions on the amount of information or stimuli that can be processed or stored at any time.

Selection (Attention)

The ability to focus on a particular stimulus while ignoring distractions.

Cocktail Party Problem

A situation where one tries to listen to a conversation amidst many competing sounds.

Early Filter Theory

Irrelevant stimuli are filtered out early in the attention process.

Filter Attenuation Model

Irrelevant stimuli are attenuated but still monitored.

Late Filter Theory

Selection of target stimuli occurs after the attention process has already begun.

Spotlight Theory

An object in one area of the visual field receives enhanced processing.

Object Formation

Using sensory information to form perceptual objects for attention.

Dual-Task Process

An example is talking to someone while cooking dinner.

Resource Allocation Theory

Flexibly allocating resources from a single cognitive pool to various tasks.

Central Bottleneck Model

Resources must be sequentially allocated to various tasks.

Top-Down Attention Process

Interpreting sensory information using models, ideas, and expectations.

Bottom-Up Attention Process

Interpreting sensory information by assembling and integrating it.

Automatic Processing

Occurs without conscious awareness and takes little effort.

Controlled Processing

Deliberate and effortful processing requiring conscious attention.

Orienting (Attention)

Directing attention toward a specific location.

Target Detection

Effortful control of attention, including conflict resolution and error detection.

Alertness

Ability to prepare for and sustain attention to relevant stimuli.

Focus (Mirsky's Components)

Low-level ability to orient and respond to specific stimuli.

Sustain (Mirsky's Components)

Maintaining attention on an ongoing, repetitive task.

Shift (Mirsky's Components)

Flexibly adapting attentive focus.

Attention for Outcomes (Mirsky's Components)

Connecting stimuli with a response to that stimuli.

Hippocampus Role in Memory

Storage of new memories and retrieval of old memories.

Left Hemisphere Memory

Stores verbal memory.

Right Hemisphere Memory

Stores visual memory, topographical memory, and nonverbal information.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to create new memories.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall past memories.

Lesion in the Hippocampus Memory Issues

Difficulties forming new memories and recalling emotional memories.

Lesion in the Basal Ganglia Memory Issues

Poor declarative memory.

Semantic Memory Example

Knowing what the word 'car' means.

Episodic Memory Example

Remembering your first day of kindergarten.

Procedural Memory

Involves motor skills and learned habits.

Priming

Exposure to stimuli affecting unconscious responses.

Classical Conditioning

Learned associations between different stimuli.

Articulatory Loop Role

Mental rehearsal system, often called the inner voice.

Visuospatial Sketchpad Role

Creates and manipulates mental images.

Episodic Buffer Role

Temporary storage that integrates information from different sensory inputs.

Central Executive System Role

Controls attention and coordinates cognitive processes.

Disruptions to Central Executive

Result in planning difficulties, poor impulse control, and task-switching problems.

Brain Area for Control Functions

Primarily the frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex.

Executive Function

Cognitive processes critical for goal-directed behavior.

Inhibitory Control

Deliberate control over automatic responses.

Working Memory

Maintaining and manipulating tasks or ideas in mind.

Cognitive Flexibility

Ability to adapt and switch between tasks or goals.

Metacognition

Thinking about one’s own thinking processes.

Social Emotional Processing Skills

Include theory of mind, emotion recognition, and emotional empathy.

Theory of Mind

Understanding that other people have their own thoughts, beliefs, and desires.

Impact of Executive Dysfunction on Discourse

Includes failure to address others' perspectives and impaired organization.

TBI Impact on Executive Function

Difficulty in conversational tasks and narrative discourse.

Executive Dysfunction and Aphasia Recovery

Makes active participation in therapy and adherence to communication strategies difficult.