Honors Biology: DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Review

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering DNA replication enzymes, mutation types, and the stages of protein synthesis (transcription and translation) based on the Honors Biology review guide.

When and where does DNA Replication occur?

DNA Replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and takes place in the nucleus.

What are the two types of bonds found in the DNA structure?

Covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds.

What is the job of Helicases in DNA replication?

Helicases are responsible for unzipping the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds.

What is the function of SSBP (Single-Stranded Binding Proteins)?

They bind to the single strands of DNA to keep them from re-joining during replication.

What is the role of topioisomerase?

To relieve the strain and prevent overwinding of the DNA strand ahead of the replication fork.

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand and proofreads the new DNA.

What is the function of DNA Ligase?

DNA Ligase acts as "glue" to join DNA fragments together, particularly Oklahoma fragments on the lagging strand.

Which direction is the leading strand synthesized, and which direction is the lagging strand synthesized?

Both the leading and lagging strands are synthesized in the $5' \rightarrow 3'$ direction; however, the leading strand moves toward the replication fork continuously, while the lagging strand moves away from the fork in fragments.

What are the three types of Point Mutation (Substitution)?

Silent, Missense, and Nonsense.

What are the two types of Frameshift Mutation?

Insertion and Deletion.

What are the four types of Chromosome Mutations?

Inversion, Deletion, Duplication, and Translocation.

What is transcription and where does it occur?

Transcription is the process of copying DNA into mRNA, and it occurs in the nucleus.

What is translation and where does it occur?

Translation is the process where mRNA is read by a ribosome to assemble amino acids into a protein, and it occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.

What is the first amino acid in every protein chain?

Methionine.

What is a codon?

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.

What is an anticodon?

A sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.

What is the job of mRNA (messenger RNA)?

mRNA carries the genetic instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.

What is the job of tRNA (transfer RNA)?

tRNA brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon sequence.

What is the job of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)?

rRNA makes up the structural components of the ribosome and helps catalyze the formation of peptide bonds.

Why is DNA important in the protein synthesis process?

DNA serves as the original blueprint or master template that contains the instructions for building all proteins.