Psych Final

  According to Piaget, what is the correct order of the stages that children pass through

- Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational

  According to Piaget, if an infant searches for a hidden object only if it remains in the hiding place that the child saw it put away in

- the child has completely realized object permanence.

  One of the criticisms of Piaget’s method of study was

- that he observed his own children and formed theories based on this data

True or False: The ages of the children in the various stages is the most important aspect of Piaget’s theory

false

  The “Bobo Doll” study was conducted by

Bandura

  A hypothesis from the Bobo doll study was that the child subjects who observed adult models performing acts of aggression would imitate the adult and engage in similar aggressive behaviors even if the adult model was no longer present. This was proved to be

True

  According to the Bobo Doll study, which statement is true?

- Children who were exposed to the non-aggressive models were less aggressive than those who observed the aggressive models

  After the Bobo Doll experiment, Hanratty, O’Neil and Sulzer applied the findings of the study and discovered that children who observed a violent adult model and were then exposed to high levels of frustration

- often showed aggression towards a live person

  The Bobo Doll study found that

- children imitate the behavior of the same-sex model to a greater degree than a model of the opposite sex

  In the bobo doll study, boys or girls were more aggresive?

boys

  The theorist who studied the effect of presuppositions in questions was

loftus

  The results of the experiment on presuppositions proved that

- if you are asked a question about an event, your recall will not be of the actual event but of your reconstruction of the event built on the content of the questions and the event itself

  True or False:The results of the experiment on presuppositions were not statistically significant.

False

  Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory was that stages of moral development occur in the same step-by-step sequences so that no stage is ever skipped. This theory was proven

False

  How did Kohlberg test his theory of moral development

- he interviewed children of different ages with ten hypothetical moral dilemmas and later analyzed the interviews to determine the moral reasoning used by the children

  If you recognize that some laws are better than others you are in this stage of moral development according to Kohlberg

5

If you behave morally to get good things for yourself in return you are in this stage of moral development according to Kohlberg

2

  If you behave according to your own ethical principles regardless of the law, you are in this stage of moral development according to Kohlberg

6 the highest stage

  Which of the following is not a criticism of Kohlberg’s theory?

- Children are not cognitively capable of moral reasoning

  Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s theory

- focused on the argument that Kohlberg’s stages may not apply equally to males and females

  The theory that expectancies about a student affect how a teacher treats a student was proposed by

- Rosenthal and Jacobson

  In the study by rosenthal and jacobson, expectancies were created by

- giving the teachers the students’ scores on the Tests of General Ability

  In the expectancy study, the expectancy effect was very strong

- in early grades but not in later grades

  The expectancy study caused the theorists to question the use of IQ tests because of their potential

bias

  According to Gardner, an intelligence must meet most of the criteria of _ indicators if it is to be considered an intelligence

8

  Gardner was a critic of which theory?

general intelligence

  The new intelligence that was added to Gardner’s list of intelligences was

- naturalist intelligence

  What is the application and effect of Gardner’s theory?

- It changes how we look at learning, teaching and intelligence

  Bouchard and Lykken conducted studies on

- identical twins

  Monozygotic twins are

- identical twins

  Which statement is true regarding Bouchard and Lykken’s study? Genetic or environmental factors appear to account for most of the variation in a wide variety of human characteristics.

Genetic factors

  Bem conducted a study on:

- psychological androgyny

What is the bem sex role inventory?

- a scale for assessing gender

True or false: Bem’s theory is that a person who possesses masculine and feminine qualities is balanced and well adjusted

True

  Bem’s Sex-Role Inventory was refined to include

- desirable and undesirable feminine AND masculine qualities

  Bam’s Sex-Role Inventory has not been used to study the effect of men’s attitudes towards women after ____________________

Viewing sexually explicit fllms

  Festinger’s theory is that

- if you believe one view but publicly state the opposite view, you will experience cognitive dissonance

  Festinger reported that

- the people who were given $1 to lie about how enjoyable the task was were actually the ones who reported liking the tasks more (insufficient justification)

  Festinger concluded that

- the reason people have for their attitude discrepant behavior affects the amount of cognitive dissonance that they experience

  In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the

US

  In Pavlov’s experiment, the metronome was the

CS

  Pavlov’s life spanned the following years

- 1849 - 1936

  In Tolman’s study, the lay of the land referred to

- the general direction or vicinity of a destination

  Tolman’s study highlighted the concept of

cognitive maps

  Which experiment group was not present in Tolman’s latent learning experiment

- the group that was punished for taking incorrect paths in the maze

  According to Tolman, cognitive processes can be _________

inferred from behavior

  The study that showed that Pigeons would repeat random but reinforced acts was conducted by

Skinner

  The term used to describe the disappearance of a learned response following the removal of the reinforcer is called

extinciton

  Ekman and Friesen studied

facial expressions of emotion

  According to Ekman and Friesen, which of the following is not a basic emotion (upbeat)

delight

  According to Ekman and Friesen, which of the following is not a basic emotion (downbeat)

jealousy

  Why did Ekman and Friesen study subjects chosen from a New Guinean population

- because they had no previous experience with Western culture

  What method did Ekman and Friesen use with their subjects to test facial emotions?

- they were read a story that portrayed one of the six basic emotions and then were asked to choose a photograph that matched the story

  Ekman and Friesen concluded that:

- facial expressions of emotion were universal

  A criticism of Ekman and Friesen’s study was that

- there are more than 6 basic human emotions

  Watson’s partner on the Little Albert study was

Rayner

  How was Little Albert conditioned to fear the rat

- The rat was paired with a loud noise

  Little Albert’s fear of rats transferred to other objects. This is referred to as

generalization

  Did extinction of Little Albert’s fear of rats occur in the study?

no

  Which of the following was not an implication of the Little Albert study?

- It led to a reformation of the theory of classical conditioning

  Which of the following was a criticism of the Little Albert study

It isn’t ethical to do a study on a human infant

  The study on attachment of monkeys was conducted by

Harlow

True or false: - the monkeys preferred the cloth-covered mother over the wire mother

True

  True or False: In the attachment study a monkey’s digestive system was affected by which mother it was exposed to

true

   A criticism of the attachment study is that

- it is inappropriate to compare human’s attachment process to that of monkey’s

True or false: the ability to explore one’s environment is a sign of non-attachment

False

  Holmes and Rahe developed the

- Social Readjustment Scale

  One of the criticisms against the Holmes and Rahe study was that

- the life changing events list did not differentiate between things under your control and things outside of your control

  The most stressful event on Holmes and Rahe’s list of life changing events was

death of a spouse

  True or False: Holmes and Rahe’s list of life changing events included both positive and negative events

True

  Holmes and Rahe’s theory was

- there is a correlation between life changes and health