Child Neuropsychiatry: Core Concepts and Assessments

Exactly 30 question-and-answer flashcards based on lecture notes covering child neuropsychiatric development, assessment tools (such as HNNE, WISC-IV, Vineland-II), and major neurodevelopmental disorders like ASD, CP, and Intellectual Disability.

When was the discipline of Child Neuropsychiatry first activated in Italy, and where?

It was activated in the $'60s$ at the University of Messina (with De Franco) and the University of Rome (with Bollea).

What is the fundamental goal of the biopsychosocial model according to the transcript?

To prevent reductionism, particularly biologic reductionism, by ensuring that psychological and social factors are not excluded.

Who developed and named the "biopsychosocial" model in $1977$?

Engel.

According to the classification of children in the transcript, what is the age range for a 'Newborn' or 'neonate'?

From birth to $28$ days of life (or from birth up to $1$ month of life).

How does the American Academy of Pediatrics define a "Preterm" baby?

Born before $37$ weeks (less than $259$ days).

What are the four components of a simple neurological screening for a newborn?

Assessment of: $1$) state of consciousness and reactivity; $2$) spontaneous motor activity; $3$) neck, trunk, and limb muscle tone; and $4$) some primitive reflexes (e.g., suck and grasp).

Define 'State 5' in the behavioral states identified by Prechtl and Beintema.

Eyes open or closed, crying.

Which method is currently the most extensively validated for the traditional neurological examination of preterm and full-term newborns?

The Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE).

How is the Moro reflex elicited in the HNNE?

By the "head drop" method, where the infant is raised at $45^{\circ}$ in a supine position and the head is dropped back about $10^{\circ}$.

Until what age is the Babinski sign considered not pathological in children?

Up to $1$ to $2$ years of age, because myelination of the corticospinal tract is not yet completed.

What are the three core characteristics of General Movements (GMs)?

They are spontaneous, not reflex, and not voluntary.

Describe the difference between 'Writhing' and 'Fidgety' General Movements in terms of age.

Writhing GMs occur from the fetal period until about $6$ to $9$ weeks post-term; Fidgety movements (FMs) typically occur from $9$ weeks until $15$ to $20$ weeks.

At what age is 'Sitting without support' typically expected to onset?

$6$ to $7$ months.

What is the expected time of onset for independent walking?

$12$ to $15$ months.

At what age does an infant typically develop the 'Pincer grasp' (between distal pads of thumb and index finger)?

$10$ months.

Which structures are involved in the 'coordination of movement' within the motor system?

Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum.

Why does a cerebellar injury produce an ipsilateral (homolateral) deficit?

Because cerebellar pathways cross the anatomical midline twice.

What clinical signs characterize an Upper Motor Neuron syndrome?

Increased tone (spasticity), weakness, very little muscle wasting, brisk deep tendon reflexes (hyper-reflexia), and the Babinski sign.

In the CHC hierarchical theory of intelligence, what does 'Gf' represent?

Fluid intelligence, which refers to inductive/quantitative reasoning with new materials and has a strong genetic component.

What are the standard mean and standard deviation ($\sigma$) for Deviation IQ scores?

Mean = $100$, Standard Deviation = $15$.

What is Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) used to measure?

General human intelligence and abstract reasoning, serving as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence.

What four composite scores replaced the dual IQ structure in the WISC-IV?

Verbal Comprehension (VC), Perceptual Reasoning (PR), Working Memory (WM), and Processing Speed (PS).

According to the DSM-5, what three criteria must be met for a diagnosis of Intellectual Disability?

A) Deficits in intellectual functions; B) Deficits in adaptive functioning; C) Onset during the developmental period.

What are the three domains of adaptive reasoning assessed for Intellectual Disability?

Conceptual (academic), Social, and Practical domains.

What instrument is essential for the diagnosis and dimensional assessment of Intellectual Disability levels (severity) based on adaptive behavior?

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland-II).

What are the two core diagnostic domains for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the DSM-5?

A) Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, and B) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

What is the difference between 'Categorical' and 'Dimensional' approaches in diagnostic classification?

A categorical approach lists characteristic symptoms to assign a diagnosis, while a dimensional approach rates the severity/degree of disturbance on a quantitative dimension.

Define 'Cerebral Palsy' (CP) as provided in the transcript.

A group of disorders of the development of movement and posture caused by non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain.

What are the three most common homotypic comorbidities of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Intellectual Disability ($40$ to $60\%$), ADHD ($33$ to $37\%$), and Anxiety Disorder ($40\%$).

What is the practical clinical definition of epilepsy proposed by the ILAE in $2014$?

$1$) At least two unprovoked seizures occurring $>24$ hours apart; $2$) one unprovoked seizure with a high ($\ge 60\%$) probability of further seizures; or $3$) diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome.