respiratory system

What is CF (cystic fibrosis)

a genetic disorder causing thick sticky mucus to clog organs, particularly the lungs and digestive track, resulting in chronic damage, reduced nutrient absorption, and infections

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

1. exchange gases (oxygen and co2)

2. produce vocal sounds

3. sense of smell

4. regulate blood ph

respiration

process of gas exchange

external respiration

air enters the lungs, (air → blood)

Internal respiration

blood travels to body parts and

exchanges gas with those tissues (blood → tissues)

Cellular respiration

cells use oxygen and sugars to create energy

in the form of ATP

ATP is then used to power

cellular processes

mitochondrion

membrane bound organelle found in cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, acting as the “powerhouse” by producing ATP through cellular respiration

Upper Respiratory Tract

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

Nasal concha

bones that divide the nasal cavity,

support the mucus membrane and increase surface area

(superior, middle, inferior)

Mucus Membrane

warms and moistens air,

also traps dust and other

particles

Paranasal Sinuses

spaces within

the bones

study the image below, labeling of sinuses on test:

Pharynx

behind the oral cavity, between the

nasal cavity and larynx (space, not a structure)

Epiglottis

this flap closes

when you swallow, preventing

food from going into the airway

Heimlich maneuver

used to save

someone who is choking

Larynx

enlargement at

the top of the trachea,

houses vocal cords

composed of muscles and

cartilage

GLOTTIS

part of the larynx

consisting of the vocal cords

false vocal folds

close

airway during swallowing

true vocal folds

produce

sound

LARYNGITIS

Inflammation of the larynx that makes

the voice hoarse

Caused by illness, allergies, smoking,

some medications

OTOLARYNGOLOGIST

Ear, nose, and throat doctor

Trachea

• cylinder with stiff cartilage to keep it from collapsing

• Trachea leads to the BRONCHIAL TREE

Bronchioles

have air sacs

called alveoli which are

connected to the circulatory

system via capillaries

LUNGS

spongy tissue that sit within the pleural cavity

Right Lung

_ lobes

3

Left Lung

_ lobes

2

Cardiac notch

space for heart

Serous

fluid

lubricates lungs

during breathing

Diaphragm

moves down, forcing air into airways

Surface tension in alveoli and _______ keep them from collapsing

surfactant

Relaxing the diaphragm causes ________

elastic recoil(exhalation)

Inspiration

air enters the lungs

(inhale)

Expiration

air leaves the lungs

(exhale)

Inspiration occurs when muscles

of the ______ change the

pressure in the pleural cavity,

causing air from the outside to

enter the lungs.

diaphragm

Respiratory Cycle

one

sequence of inhalation and

exhalation

Respiratory rate for for adults is ____

breaths per minute

12-18

Spirometry

measures the amount (volume) of air moving

in and out of the lungs

Resting Tidal Volume

amount

of air that enters the lungs during

one cycle

*take a normal breath

Vital Capacity (lung capacity)

the amount of air that can be

forced in or out by taking a deep

breath.

FEV1

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second is an

established marker of cystic fibrosis (CF) disease progression

Factors that can Affect Breathing

1. Rise in CO2

2. Emotional upset, fear and pain

3. Low blood oxygen

Hyperventilation

increased

breathing, lower CO2 concentration

Gas exchange occurs across a membrane - a layer

of simple _____ cells

Oxygen _____ into the bloodstream

• squamous

• DIFFUSES

Hypoxia

is a disease in which there is an overall lack of oxygen content within the body's tissue and vital human organs (specifically the brain).

Blue skin is an indication of _____, also called _____.

hypoxia, cyanosis

Asphyxia

deficient supply of oxygen that

arises from being unable to breathe normally.

*An example of asphyxia is choking.

COPD /Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Most

commonly

caused by

smoking

Bronchitis

inflammation of the main

air passages to the lungs

Bronchitis may be

short-lived (acute) or

chronic, meaning that it

lasts a long time and

often recurs.

What is sleep apnea?

Pause or slowing of breathing during sleep

Pulmonary Embolism

- a blood clot that moves to the

lungs

- this can cause shortness of

breath, rapid heartbeat

- hypoxia

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer starts when abnormal

cells grow out of control in the lungs.

There usually are no signs or early

symptoms of lung cancer.

As lung cancer stages advance, lung

cancer symptoms may include

coughing, wheezing, shortness of

breath, and bloody mucus

Altitude Sickness

Atmospheric Pressure is

necessary for breathing

Lack of pressure on mountains

can be dangerous. Hundreds of

bodies are lying on Mount

Everest

Asthma

inflammation of the bronchial tubes with

increased production of sticky secretions

Common asthma symptoms include:

● Coughing, wheezing

● Shortness of breath

● Chest tightness, pain, or pressure

Bronchodilators

are used to open airways

Bacteria / Viral Infections

Pneumonia

Influenza

Rhinovirus

Covid-19

Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

Causes serious coughing and gasping for

breath, dangerous for infants

Pneumothorax - Collapsed Lung

pressure from fluid in the

pleural cavity deflates lung

- causes breathing difficulties

- treatment includes draining

fluid from the cavity

Cystic Fibrosis

hereditary disease,

mucus clogs the lungs, making it difficult to

breathe and causing infections