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what was the electoral reform (not of 1912)
1918 - men given universal suffrage
when was proportional representation introduced?
1919
what was the crisis of WW1?
1917 - Caporetto
what was the impact of caporetto?
army pushed back 160 km
lost 300,000 prisoners
what was considered the victory of WW1?
1918 - Vittorio Veneto
liberal treaty of 1919
Treaty of St Germain
what did st germain give italy?
14,500 km²
what happened in september of 1919?
D’annunzio → seizure of Fiume
what did D’annunzio do in fiume?
2000 supporters occupied for 15 months
what ended the occupation of fiume?
1920 - Treaty of Rapallo
how did giolittis premiership in 1921 end?
fascists refused to give him support
how many deputies did the fascists have in 1921?
35
what were the casualties of WW1?
1.3 million
debt as a result of WW1?
5x the 1914 figure
what happened as a result of food shortages?
1917 - food riots in Turin, 50 dead
what was the economic/social impact of WW1?
5 million conscripts demobilised - unemployment at 2 million
what did mussolini do in 1919?
meeting of the ‘Fascio di Cambattimentos’, Mussolini was the main speaker
what were the young fascist groups known as?
squadristi
what was the result of the squadristi attacks on socialists?
1920 - 200 killed
how did mussolini attempt to deal with the squadristi? (failed)
1921 - Pact of Pacification
what did salandra offer Mussolini in 1922? (refused)
4 places in cabinet
what was Mussolinis first show of power and patriotism?
1922 - March on Rome
how many people took part in the march on rome?
70,000
when was mussolini appointed PM?
1922
what was the membership of the PNF from 1922-23?
300,000 → 800,000
how did mussolini change the electoral system?
1923 - Acerbo Law
what did britain/france force mussolini to do in 1923?
remove forces from Corfu
what major success did mussolini execute in 1924?
Port of Fiume
outcome of 1924 election?
landslide for PNF
how did mussolini personally attempt to satisfy the church?
baptised children, religious marriage ceremony
how did mussolini attempt to control the Ras and reduce their power?
1923 - Fascist Militia created
what crisis occurred in 1924?
Matteotti crisis
how did mussolini start to control trade unions?
1925 - Palazzo Vidoni pact
how did mussolini formally start to control journalists?
1925 - Press Law
what happened at the end of 1925 that consolidated mussolinis power?
Mussolini given full power to rule by decree