italy 1915-25

what was the electoral reform (not of 1912)

1918 - men given universal suffrage

when was proportional representation introduced?

1919

what was the crisis of WW1?

1917 - Caporetto

what was the impact of caporetto?

army pushed back 160 km
lost 300,000 prisoners

what was considered the victory of WW1?

1918 - Vittorio Veneto

liberal treaty of 1919

Treaty of St Germain

what did st germain give italy?

14,500 km²

what happened in september of 1919?

D’annunzio → seizure of Fiume

what did D’annunzio do in fiume?

2000 supporters occupied for 15 months

what ended the occupation of fiume?

1920 - Treaty of Rapallo

how did giolittis premiership in 1921 end?

fascists refused to give him support

how many deputies did the fascists have in 1921?

35

what were the casualties of WW1?

1.3 million

debt as a result of WW1?

5x the 1914 figure

what happened as a result of food shortages?

1917 - food riots in Turin, 50 dead

what was the economic/social impact of WW1?

5 million conscripts demobilised - unemployment at 2 million

what did mussolini do in 1919?

meeting of the ‘Fascio di Cambattimentos’, Mussolini was the main speaker

what were the young fascist groups known as?

squadristi

what was the result of the squadristi attacks on socialists?

1920 - 200 killed

how did mussolini attempt to deal with the squadristi? (failed)

1921 - Pact of Pacification

what did salandra offer Mussolini in 1922? (refused)

4 places in cabinet

what was Mussolinis first show of power and patriotism?

1922 - March on Rome

how many people took part in the march on rome?

70,000

when was mussolini appointed PM?

1922

what was the membership of the PNF from 1922-23?

300,000 → 800,000

how did mussolini change the electoral system?

1923 - Acerbo Law

what did britain/france force mussolini to do in 1923?

remove forces from Corfu

what major success did mussolini execute in 1924?

Port of Fiume

outcome of 1924 election?

landslide for PNF

how did mussolini personally attempt to satisfy the church?

baptised children, religious marriage ceremony

how did mussolini attempt to control the Ras and reduce their power?

1923 - Fascist Militia created

what crisis occurred in 1924?

Matteotti crisis

how did mussolini start to control trade unions?

1925 - Palazzo Vidoni pact

how did mussolini formally start to control journalists?

1925 - Press Law

what happened at the end of 1925 that consolidated mussolinis power?

Mussolini given full power to rule by decree