IB History - Independence Movement of India

Swaraj

Self-rule, goal of the Indian National Congress

Swadeshi

Self-reliance, boycotting British goods

Partition of Bengal

1905. Attempts to partition Bengal in religious lines. Resulted in Swadeshi

Lal-Bal-Pal leadership

Group of leaders that supported radical nationalism.

Home Rule League

1916, Bal Tilak wanted self-government within the British Empire

Indian National Congress

1885, petition the British government

Rowlatt Acts

1919, WWI emergency powers, led to Amritsar

Amritsar Massacre

1919, protest of the Rowlatt Acts led to massacre

Non-Cooperation Movement

1920-22, Rowlatt Acts + Broken Promises led to mass satyagraha

Salt March

1930, protest against salt tax, 240 miles

Quit India Movement

1942, “Do or Die”, Britain should quit India

Indian Independence

1947

Bipan Chandra

Indian Nationalism grew because of anti-colonial conciousness

Judith Brown

Gandhi and leadership in general were important for the mass mobilization of people

Perry Anderson

Nationalism wasn’t unified because of religious divisions

Chauri Chaura Incident

1922, peace turned to violence, Gandhi stopped Non-Cooperation Movement

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, HSRA

Revolutionary group for armed resistance

Kakori Train Robbery

1925, HSRA

Central Legislative Assembly Bombing

1929, HSRA

Subhas Chandra Bose

Rejected non-violence, led the INA

Indian National Army

Fought against British in Southeast Asia

Morley Minto Reforms

1909, separate-electorate for Muslims

Montagu Declaration

1917, promised that post-WWI Indian rep would be expanded, frustrated nationalists when reform was slow

Government of India Act

1919 and 1935, expanded self-government, still limited, princley-states

Kheda Satyagraha

1918, protest against tax of crops

Dadabhai Naoroji

“Drain Theory”, India was economically exploited

R.C. Dutt

British economic policy damaged India’s agriculture industry

Bipan Chandra

Economic exploitation connected to the rise of anti-colonial nationalism

World War I

1919, led to the Rowlatt Acts, million sent to fight war effort

World War II

Weakened Britain’s economy and military

Atlantic Charter

1941, self-determination, hypocrcisy

Japan

They with the INA advanced into Southeast Asia, showed Brtain was vulnerable

Clement Attlee

New Labour Government, willing to give independence

The Great Partition

1947, made Pakistan, a great migration

Communal Violence

As Indians migrated, violence spurred

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Popularized the Two Nation Theory - Partition

Stanley Wolpert

Speed of partition caused communal violence

India’s Consitution

1950, democracy and equality

Hyderabad

Princely state that resisted joining India

Operation Polo

1948, forced integration of Hyderabad

First Indo-Pakistani War

1947-1949, border dispute over Kashmir

States Reorganization Act

1956, reorganized Indian states along linguistic lines

Planning Commission

1950, guided economic development

First Five-Year Plan

1951, agriculture, irrigation, and food

Second Five-Year Plan

1956, heavy industry

Import Substitution

Reliance on domestic industries and not foreign imports

Article 17 of the Indian Constitution

Abolished caste discrimination

Hindu Code Bills

1955-56, expanded women’s rights