history final

what is the SNCC?

the student nonviolent coordinating committee, formed empower student activists, involing campaigns like sit ins, Freedom Rides, and voter registration drives

why did the SNCC exist?

to challenge segregation and racial inequality in a non violent manner

when did the SNCC run?

founded in april 1960 to 1971

where did the SNCC operate?

primarily across the Deep South, headquarters in georgia

who did the SNCC consist of?

young Black college students, activists, and field secretaries

broader significance of the SNCC

empowering local communities, mentoring a new generation of leaders, and shifting the movement toward Black Power in the late 1960s

what are sit ins?

why were sit ins a thing?

To end segregated white only practices in private businesses, compel businesses to serve all customers regardless of race

where did sit ins occur?

started in north carolina, across the South to cities in Virginia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Oklahoma within weeks

when did si

who was involved in sit ins?

students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Thousands of African American students, often supported by NAACP Youth Council, later white student supporters

broader significance of sit ins

use peaceful, nonviolent resistance to challenge injustice, draw public attention to inequality, and pressure institutions to change

who was Fannie Lou Hamer?

an african american sharecropper, rose to national prominence as a SNCC organizer and charismatic public speaker

what did Fannie Lou Hamer do?

fought for voter registration, Freedom Summer, and co-founded the National Women's Political Caucus

where did Fannie Lou Hamer do this?

Primarily in Sunflower County, Mississippi

when did Fannie Lou Hamer begin?

She was most active during the 1960s, especially from 1962 until her death in 1977

why did Fannie Lou Hamer do what she did?

She fought because Black Americans in the South were systematically denied the right to vote through intimidation, literacy tests, violence, and economic retaliation

broader significance of Fannie Lou Hamer

ational symbol of grassroots activism and moral courage, helped push the nation toward the Voting Rights Act of 1965, showing how ordinary people, especially Black women in the rural South, were central to transforming American democracy

what was the domino theory?

a foreign policy strategy that, if one country adopted communism, its neighbors would follow suit, leading to a chain reaction of communist takeovers

where did the domino theory refer to?

focused on Southeast Asia

why did the domino theory emerge?

To justify US military intervention and support to non communist regimes to contain the spread of communism

when was the domino theory introduced?

Developed after World War II, 1954, remained the dominant justification for U.S. involvement in Vietnam through the 1960s

who proposed the domino theory?

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

broader significance of the domino theory?

fundamentally shaped US foreign policy by justifying global anti-communist interventions, most notably in Vietnam

what were strategic hamlets?

Fortified villages designed to create secure communities, separated from communist influence, surrounded by barbed wire, moats, and bamboo spikes, defended by local militias

where where stragetic hamlets located?

south vietnam, thousands built

why did the US build strategic hamlets?

to separate the communist from non communist vietnam villagers and stop the Viet cong from recruiting them

when were the strategic hamlets implemented?

in 1962, but collapsed in 1963

who implemented strategic hamlets and who did they affect?

by Ngo Dinh Diem and backed by JFK, affected 1/3 of south vietnam villagers

broader significance of strategic hamlets

meant to separate rural villagers from the Viet Cong, strengthen security and gov control, ultimately failed due to relocations, corruption, and resentment, pushed more to support the Viet Cong

what was the vietnam war draft?

Mandatory enrollment for military service managed by the Selective Service System, assigned draft priority based on birthdates

who implemented the draft and who did it affect?

president nixon, affected men aged 18–26, largely from working-class or less-affluent backgrounds, exempted athletes, college students, etc

when was the vietnam draft?

first in 1969, but was around from 1964-1973

where did the draft affect?

the united states

why did they use the draft for the vietnam war?

To secure enough personnel for the escalating war when volunteering fell short

broader signifiance of the vietnam war

fueling massive anti war sentiment, eroding public trust in government, and highlighting deep social inequities

who was phyllis schlafly?

American conservative activist, homemaker who was highly educated, anti feminist

what did phyllis schlafly do and believe?

lead opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment and promoting traditional conservative values, believed in traditional roles

when was phyllis schlafly active?

mostly during the 60s and 70s

why is phyllis schlafly important?

She played a major role in preventing the Equal Rights Amendment from being added to the Constitution

where was phyllis schlafly active?

organized rallies across the US, illinois and florida

broader significance of phyllis schlafly

reshaped american politics, helped build the modern conservative movement and mobilized many conservative women into politics via stop era

who was howard jarvis

businessman and politician who moved to California, populist, anti tax activist and harsh critic of government spending

what did howard jarvis do?

He helped create and campaign for California Proposition 13, which greatly reduced property taxes in California

when was howard jarvis active?

1970s, leading to the passage of Prop 13 in June 1978

where was howard jarvis active?

Based in Los Angeles, California, his campaign was aimed at California state tax laws but garnered national attention as a model for tax reform

why did howard jarvis do what he did?

Driven by soaring inflation and skyrocketing property taxes in the 1970s, aimed to limit gov spending and protect property owners from being taxed out of their homes

broader significance of howard jarvis

He helped shift American politics toward lower taxes and smaller government policies

what was the powell doctrine?

list of questions to be answered before entering foreign conflict, a US military strategy that argued force should only be used with clear goals, overwhelming strength, and strong public support

who developed the powell doctrine?

Gen Colin Powell

when was the powell doctrine put in place?

in 1980s, used in 1990-91 Gulf war

why was the powell doctrine put in place?

so something like vietnam wouldnt happen again and shaped US military decision making by emphasizing clear objectives

broader significance of powell doctrine

reflected America’s effort to avoid another Vietnam style war and influenced later debates about US military intervention

what was the bush doctrine?

US foreign policy strategy that supported preemptive military action against potential threats and terrorism

who developed the Bush doctrine?

George W Bush

when was it put in place??

after 9/11 in 2001

where was the Bush doctrine aimed?

mainly the middle east, Afghan and Iraq, war on terror

why was the bush doctrine created?

after the 9/11 attacks, believed that containment was ineffective terrorists possessing weapons of destruction, requiring more offensive, proactive approach to protect national security

broader significance of bush doctrine

it signified a major shift regarding US foreign policy and asserted the right to strike potential threats before they materialize

what was the USA PATRIOT act?

law passed after 9/11 that expanded government powers to investigate and prevent terrorism, expanded surveillance, wiretapping, secret searches, bulk data collection

where does the USA PATRIOT act affect?

across the US, targeting both domestic and international activities deemed threatening

why was the US PATRIOT act passed?

created in response to the 9/11 attacks to help the government detect and prevent future terrorist attacks

when was the US PATRIOT act put in place?

2001, expired 2020

who put the US PATRIOT in place?

George Bush and congress

broader significance of USA PATRIOT ACT

legitimizing mass surveillance, expanding surveillance powers and eliminating barriers between intelligence and law, redefining domestic terrorism, and sparking debates over privacy, digital rights