PSYC 341 exam 3

Substance intoxication

A cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance. Poor jusgment, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, poor coordination

Substance use disorder SUD

A pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance, sometimes also including tolerance for the substance with withdrawal reactions.

Tolerance

The brain and body’s need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects

Withdrawl

Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking it or reduce the dosage

Depressants

Slow the activity of the CNS. Reduce tension and inhibitions and may interfere with a person judgment, motor activity, and concentration

Most common depressants

Alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, opioids.

Alcohol

Any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine and liquor

Binge drinking

A pattern of alcohol consumption in which a person consumes five or more drinks on a single occasion.

What is responsible for metabolizing alcohol.

The liver metabolizes it into carbon dioxide and water which can be exhaled and excreted. Then the alchol blood concentration will decrease.

Delirium tremens DTs

A dramatic alcohol withdrawal reaction that consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and visual hallucinations. Begins within three days after they stop or reduce drinking. 

People experiencing DTs see small frigentining animals chasing or crawling on them, objects dancing in front of their eyes, shivering, sweating, seizures, lose consciousness, experience a stroke or die

Cirrhosis

Irreversible condition caused by excessive drinking where the liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional.

Korsakoffs syndrome (Alchohol related vitamin B1 thiamine deficit)

A disease marked by extreme confusion, memory loss, and other neurological symptoms due to alchohol related vitamin B1 deficit

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A cluster of problems in a child, including lower intellectual functioning, low birth weight, and irregularities in the head and face, that results from a fetus’s exposure to excessive alcohol during the pregnancy

Sedative hypnotic drugs

A drug used to reduce anxiety and to help people sleep. At low dosages they are calming or sedative. At higher dosages they are sleep inducers or hypnotics.

Barbiturates

Addictive sedative hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep.

Benzodiazepines

The most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax. They calm people by binding to receptors on the neurons that recieve GABA and by increasing GABA’s activity at those neurons

Sedative hypnotic use disorder

A pattern marked by craving for the drugs, tolerance effects and withdrawal reactions

Opioids

Opium, taken from the sap of the opium poppy; heroin, morphine, and codeine which are derived from opium; and similar synthetic drugs such as methadone and fentanyl

Opium

A highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy, reduced both physical and emotional pain

Morphine

A highly addictive substance derived from poium that is particularly effective in relieving pain

Heroin

One of the most addictive substances derived from opium

Endorphins

Neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension. They are sometimes referred to as the bodys own opioids

Opioids overdose

The respiratory center in the brain closes down, paralyzing breahting and in many cases causing death

Stimulants

Substances that increase the activity of the CNS resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped up behavior and thinking

Cocaine

An addictive stimulant obtained from the cocoa plant. Most powerful natural stimulant.

Cocain intoxication symptoms

Poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgment, anger, aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety and confusion

Freebasing

A technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame and inhaled with a pipe

Crack

A powerful ready to smoke freebase cocaine that has been boiled down into crystalline balls.

Amphetamines

Stimulant drug that is manufactured in the laboratory. Ex: amphetamine (Benzedrine), Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), adderall and methamphetamine (methedrine). USed for ADHD

Stimulant diversion

Those who acquire amphetamines from those with adhd

Methamphetamine

A kind of amphetamine, a powerful drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, posing major health and law enforcement problems

Hallucinogens

A substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions and producing illusions and hallucinations

Trips

A hallucination, an experience so out of the ordinary which can be frightening or exciting, depending on how a persons mind interacts with the drugs

Psychedelic drugs (Hallucinogens)

Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, psilicybin, and MDMA

LSD lysergic acid diethylamide

A hallucinogen derived from ergot alkaloids. Strengthens perceptions, particularly visual perceptions along with psychological changes and physical symptoms. People may focus on small details ex: pores on skin

MDMA

A popular stimulant drug that also produces hallucinogenic effects and so is typically viewed as a hallucinogenic drug

Cannabis

Drugs produced from the varieties of the hemp plant cannabis sativa. They cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant and stimulant effects ex: marijuana;hashish; bitane hash oil or BHO

Marijuana

One of the cannabis drugs, derived from the buds, leaves, and flowering tops of hemp plants

Tetrahydrocannabinol THC

The main active ingredient of cannabis substances

Aversion therapy (cognitive behavioral)

A treatment in which clients are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimuli while they are performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug

Contingency Management

Offers clients incentives (ex, vouchers, prizes, cash, or privileges) that are contingent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens 

Relapse prevention training

An approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to plan ahead and to apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking

Acceptance and commitment therapy ACT

ACT helps clients become aware of their streams of thoughts as they are occuring and accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind. By accepting these thoughts rather than trying to eliminate them, the clients are expected to be less upset by them and less likely to act on them by seeking out drugs  

Detoxification (biological treatment for substance abuse)

Systematic and medically supervised withdraw from drugs. Either clients are gradually withdrawn from the substance or they are given other drugs that reduce the symptoms of withdraw

Antagonist drugs

Drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug. When taken with another substance. There are terrible side effects, e.g., vomiting, blushing, dizziness, and a faster heart rate.

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Is often given to people who are trying to stay away from alcohol. A person who takes it while taking it will have intense nausea, vomiting, blushing, a faster heart rate, dizziness, and fainting 

Naloxone

Widely used opioid antagonist drug. Naloxone attaches to endorphin receptor sites throughout the brain and make it impossible for the opioids to have their usual effect. Without the rush or high continued drug use becomes pointless.

Drug maintenance therapy

A treatment in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone- a heroin substitute- to treat various opioid use disorders

Self help and residential treatment programs

Where individuals help each other recover without professional assistance.

Alcoholics anonymous AA

A self-help organization that provides support and guidance for people with alcohol use disorder

Residential treatment centers (aka, therapeutic communities)

A place where people who were formerly addicted to drugs live, work and socialize in a drug free environment

Psychoactive substance, chemical, drug

Any substance other than food affecting our bodies or minds, including alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine. Any chemical agent which affects the CNS, affect thoughts, emotions, behavior

CNS depressants (type of psychoactive substances)

1. Alcohol

2. Anti-anxiety medications or benzodiazepines ex: Xanax, Ativan

3. Hypnotics (Sleep meds ex: Halcion, Lunesta, Ambien)

4. Barbiturates or sedatives (Amobarbital, phenobarbital, Seconol)

Opioids or narcotic analgesics

Addictive drugs which have pain-releving and sleep inducing proporties. Morphine, codeine and heroin are derived from the juice or the poppy plant

Prescription painkillers like fentanyl, Oxycontin or vicadin; opium; morphine; fentanyl; heroin;

CNS stimulants

Nicotine, caffeine, amphetamine and methamphetamine, cocaine

Hallucinogens

LSD, PCP, mescaline (peyote); mushrooms

Solvents

Aerosol sprays like Dust off, reddi-whip and hairspray, glue, paint thinner,

Huffing

A term used to inhale solvents

What ethnic group had the highest rate of substance use disorders in U.S

American Indians/ Indigenous people

Route of administration

How a drug is ingested; the more efficient rountes lead to greater likelihood of addiction and binge use

Quickest route of administration for a substance

Ingest/ smoking

Time it takes for a drug to reach the brain Via injection

15-40 seconds, IV is 4 min

Time it takes for a drug to reach the brain Via snorting

4 minutes

Time it takes for a drug to reach the brain Via Inhaling/ Smoking

7-10 seconds

Time it takes for a drug to reach the brain Via Oral ingestion

30 minutes

Time it takes for a drug to reach the brain Via other such us under the tongue, anally, vaginally, eyedrops

Time is variable but longer than 60 seconds

Women and Men stats on AUD

Men are 2x as likely as women to suffer from AUD and 3x as likely as women to die due to alcohol abuse 

Which drugs dont lead to withdrawl

Cannabis (pot;hash), hallucinogens (LSD; PCP)

Polysubstance use disorder

More than 1 substance abused at the same time

Dual Diagnosis

SUD and other mental illness; SUD and mood disorders or schizophrenia are highly comorbid

Cross tolerance

Sometimes two or more durgs are so similar in their actions on the brain and body that as people build a tolerance for one drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other drug (even if they have never taken it)

Synergistic effects

When different drugs are in the body in the same time, they