Types of Therapies

psychotherapy (Freud)

consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

goals of psychotherapy

1. bring resolved thoughts, feelings and emotions to the patients conscious awareness

2. release energy one has had previously devoted to id-ed-superego conflicts

3. provide insight into origins of growth impeding inner conflicts

resistance

unconsciously avoiding to speak on a topic

transference

developing strong feelings towards one’s therapist

criticism on psychotherapy

1. time

2. expensive

3. opportunities for therapists to “create” memories

Insight therapy (humanistic)

the goal of promoting self-fulfillment by increasing self acceptance and self awareness

client-centered therapy (carl Rodgers)

using techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients growth

3 things a therapist should exhibit in Insight therapy

1. acceptance

2. genuineness

3. empathy

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates and clarifies

systematic desensitization (Mary Cover Jones)

associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

VR exposture therapy

progressively expose stimulations of their greatest fears through virtual reality

aversive conditioning

counterconditioning that associates unpleasant state with unwanted behavior

behavior therapist

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors (ex: associating nausea with drinking alcohol)

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats.

criticisms for operant conditioning methods

1. what happens when reinforcement ends?

2. is it ethical to deprive someone of something in order to obtain a behavioral result?

cognitive therapy

teaches people to think constructively rather than destructively

rational-emotive behavior therapy (Albert Ellis)

combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy where one’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions are challenged

cognitive behavioral therapy

combines cognitive and behavioral therapy

benefits of group therapy

1. saves time and money

2. allows people to understand hey aren’t alone

3. provides feedback/reassurance

clients perception

1. people often enter therapy in a crisis

2. the placebo effect

3. regression toward the mean

4. convinces themselves it was worth the time and money

clinicians perceptions

widespread belief that their efforts were successful; results may be skewed during to confirmation bias or illusory correlation

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

having one imagine a traumatic scene while triggering eye movements by waving her finger in front of their eyes

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem.

reasons why psychotherapy help people

1. hope for demoralized people'

2. a new perspective

3. an empathic, trusting, caring relationship

Egais Moniz

founder of lobotomies

antipsychotic drugs

used primarily to treat schizophrenia by blocking receptor sites for dopamine

anti anxiety drugs

treats people with anxiety disorders by boosting GABA

antidepressant drugs

treats those with major depression by boosting serotonin or norepinephrine

lithium

a simple salt that treats bipolar disorder

tardive dyskinesia

a build up of antipsychotic drug that causes uncontrolled muscle movement

theraputic drug

A period of time (up to 8 weeks) between taking a drug and experiencing its full therapeutic (helpful) effects.

SSRI

rugs that increase serotonin levels in the brain by blocking its reabsorption (reuptake).