AP WH UNIT 1-5

Neo Confucianism

An integration of Buddhism and Daoism with a foundation in Confucianism.

Censorate

An agency that surveils the government, checking the character and competence of government officials.

Hangzhou

The capital city of the Song Dynasty, known for its economic prosperity and strategic coastal location on the Grand Canal.

Foot binding

A tradition in the Song dynasty where women bound their feet to keep them small, symbolizing patriarchy.

Middle Kingdom

China's historical self-image as the center of civilization, emphasizing superiority over neighboring countries.

Kowtow

A traditional act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing, often performed by an inferior to a superior.

Xiongnu

A tribal confederation of nomadic peoples from Central Asia that posed significant threats to early Chinese empires.

Sultanate of Delhi

Islamic empire that spanned parts of the Indian Subcontinent.

Sufis

Islamic mystics seeking personal connection with God, playing a key role in spreading Islam.

Kabir

A 15th-century Indian poet-mystic notable for his influence across various religious traditions.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in the late 15th century, emphasizing equality and community service, blending elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Timbuktu

A historical city in Mali known for its scholarly significance and trade, especially under Mansa Musa.

Chinampas

Raised fields built along lake shores in Mesoamerica to enhance agricultural production.

Huitzilopochtli

The Mexican tribal patron god associated with warfare and the sun.

Quechua

An indigenous language spoken in the Andes region, significant among the Inca civilization.

Gender parallelism

A social structure where men and women have distinct but complementary roles.

Yuan Dynasty

A ruling dynasty established by Kublai Khan, marking the first foreign governance of China.

Kublai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan and the fifth emperor of the Yuan dynasty who completed the conquest of China.

Hulegu

A grandson of Genghis Khan who founded the Ilkhanate dynasty in Persia.

Khutulun

A skilled Mongol princess known for her military prowess and wrestling skills.

Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde

A Mongol khanate that influenced Eastern Europe and Asia in the 13th century.

Monsoon winds

Seasonal winds that significantly affect climate and agriculture in South Asia.

Swahili language

A language influenced by various languages along the east coast of Africa.

Great Zimbabwe

A medieval city known for its stone ruins and role as a trade center.

Jenne-Jeno

An ancient city in Mali, one of the earliest urban centers in sub-Saharan Africa.

Camel caravans

Used for travel, trade, and information exchange, crucial for establishing the Silk Road.

Encomienda and repartimiento

Legal systems in Spanish America that allowed forced labor of Native Americans.

La sistema de castas

Caste system that established social status hierarchies based on race.

Tupac Amaru Revolt

Revolt led by the last independent Incan emperor against Spanish conquerors.

Cowrie shells

Shells used as currency in West Africa.

Middle passage

The brutal sea route taken by slave ships from West Africa to the Americas.

Kingdom of Dahomey

An African kingdom ruled by a queen mother, noted for its royal palaces and structure.

British East India Company (EIC)

A trading company crucial in the British colonization of India.

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

A trading company established to rival British interests in the spice trade.

Potosi, Bolivia

A city known for its prolific silver mines during the Spanish colonial era.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the household troops of the Ottoman Sultan.

Sati

A Hindu practice where a widow self-immolates on her husband's funeral pyre.

Jizya

A tax imposed on non-Muslims in the Mughal Empire.

Qing dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, noted for territorial expansion and cultural exchanges.

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

The first treaty between Russia and China establishing borders and mutual recognition.

Declaration of Independence

A document in which English colonies claimed their rights and laid the groundwork for a republic.

Creoles

Full-blooded Europeans born in the Americas, a powerful social class in colonial society.

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

Priests who led the revolution in Mexico against Spanish rule.

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan leader who sought to unite South America and led independence movements.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A document declaring that all men are born free and equal in rights, inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

Olympe de Gouges

A French playwright and feminist who argued for women's rights using the language of the Declaration.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A military leader who rose to power in France and established a dictatorship.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who sought independence from French rule.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Leader who declared Haiti's independence and became its first head of state.

Seneca Falls Convention

A women's rights conference that focused on the right to vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention who advocated for women's rights.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

A major organization in the U.S. focused on women's suffrage.

Kartini

A Javanese woman who advocated for women's education in a traditional society.

Huda Sharawi

Founder of the first feminist organization in Egypt and an advocate for women's rights.